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From page 5... ... 5 Introduction Transportation agencies often face pressure to reduce construction costs and traffic closures, while achieving high quality projects. European agencies have utilized pavement warranties to improve the quality of pavements and to protect highway investments from premature failure (Hancher 1994, D'Angelo et al. Read the entire page →
From page 6... ... 6 Performance-Based Pavement Warranty Practices period. Read the entire page →
From page 7... ... a. Design-bid-build b. Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... 8 Performance-Based Pavement Warranty Practices Consideration Materials and Workmanship Short-Term Performance Long-Term Performance Contract Type Design-bid-build Design-bid-build Design-build Design-build Provision Development Indicators, thresholds, and bond requirements + mix design criteria + structural design criteria + turn-back criteria Performance Criteria and Thresholds Characteristics indicative of early, catastrophic failure Characteristics predicative of longterm performance Characteristics predicative of longterm performance Characteristics predicative of longterm performance Specifications Method Primarily method w/contractor mix design Combination of method and performance Primarily performance Procurement Low bid Low bid w/expanded prequalification Low bid, one- or twostep best-value Two-step best-value Effort Required to Develop/ Evaluate Bid Nominal Nominal to minimal, depends on prequalification Minimal to extensive, depends on procurement Typically, extensive Contractor Design Expertise Not responsible for mix design Working knowledge of mix design Knowledge of mix design and allows contractor flexibility with structural design Expertise in pavement design and allows flexibility with planned maintenance Construction Inspection and Testing Agency or contractor quality control specification Contractor quality control for mix design Contractorcontrolled Contractorcontrolled Agency Staffing Least amount of effort Some effort for developing criteria, but significant resources can be realized during construction More effort for developing design and criteria, but significant savings during construction Most effort for initial development, savings during construction, but may result in longterm monitoring Contractor Innovation Does not promote Only in areas where contractor is given control Most opportunity Most opportunity Maintenance Cycle No impact Higher initial quality, potentially fewer call backs Higher initial quality, potentially avoid call backs, may include preventive maintenance Contractors benefit to maximize quality and minimize maintenance cycles Quality Can improve, based on specification Biggest improvement when applied on small scale, superior crews directed to project Biggest improvement when applied on small scale, superior crews directed to project Not enough projects to determine effect Cost Comparable to traditional Increase is proportional to level of risk shifted to contractor and length of warranty period Increase based on risk for design and construction, typically does not include preventive maintenance Maintenance costs include in initial bid price Table 1. Key factors by warranty type (Scott et al. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... Literature Review 9 Monitoring and Evaluation Pavement condition surveys are typically carried out during the warranty period to monitor pavement performance. Pavement monitoring is usually the responsibility of the SHA, but sometimes can be done by the contractor depending on the warranty type (Scott et al. Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... 10 Performance-Based Pavement Warranty Practices Pavement evaluations may be conducted on segments within a specified section of roadway and extrapolated over the entire pavement section (e.g., sampling) or may include a 100% survey of the entire pavement section. Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... Literature Review 11 while road users tend to focus on the roadway's functional performance and safety. Typically, agencies will identify performance indicators related to structural capacity, functional performance, and safety and set thresholds to maintain a satisfactory level through the warranty period (Shober et al. Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... 12 Performance-Based Pavement Warranty Practices Agency Distress Type Threshold Value Period Colorado Bleeding, fatigue cracking, raveling < 50 ft2 (4.6 m2) Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... Literature Review 13 Agency Distress Type Threshold Value Period Mississippi Bleeding < 0.4 deduct points(a) 5 years Block, edge, trans. Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... 14 Performance-Based Pavement Warranty Practices Agency Distress Type Threshold Value Period Colorado Corner breaks and longitudinal and transverse cracking Spalling < 2 in. Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... Literature Review 15 Specification Content Pavement warranty projects may require different construction specifications than typically used for nonwarranty projects. Regardless of the type of warranty used, the main purpose of having warranty specifications are to clearly define the project objectives, assign responsibilities for all parties, and to determine, if needed, a remediation process (Gallivan 2011) Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... 16 Performance-Based Pavement Warranty Practices tool. In general, the process for selecting and developing pavement warranty provisions are summarized in Table 9. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... Literature Review 17 In 1990, 1992, and 2002, U.S. contingents representing the highway construction industry visited European countries to obtain information in relation to pavement roadway construction practices (AASHTO 1991, FHWA 1994, D'Angelo et al. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... 18 Performance-Based Pavement Warranty Practices Criteria Austria Denmark France Germany Spain Norway Sweden United Kingdom Warranty period (years) Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... Literature Review 19 Florida All pavement (94% asphalt) projects Materials and workmanship 3 > 700 Illinois Asphalt overlays (three projects) Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... 20 Performance-Based Pavement Warranty Practices SHA Experience California • Bids were competitive • Lower costs per mile (6% to 16% lower) on four of the five warranted projects • Contractors apply extra effort and pay more attention to aggregate and binder temperatures and spread rates Colorado • Short-term warranties: o No difference in performance compared to control o Slight improvement in performance, but not cost-effective • Long-term warranties: o Cost-benefit analysis showed no difference o Promotes innovative design and construction solutions Florida • No apparent cost difference due to prescriptive nature of warranty provision • Value-added warranty pavements are meeting expectations and have improved performance Illinois • Contractors may have distributed the warranty cost to other line items, making it difficult to quantify warranty cost • Did not see major difference in how contractor conducted work • Bid review and anecdotal observations indicate warranty projects cost slightly more for the same level of performance Indiana • Initial cost about 10% higher • Warrantied pavement has better quality and longer life • Warranty projects had less rutting and lower IRI • Analysis showed performance life extended 9 years • Life-cycle cost savings of 27% Louisiana • Warranty projects cost more and have the same quality as nonwarrantied projects • Determined to not be cost-effective Michigan • Contractors pay more attention to quality issues on warranty projects • Cost increase on warranty projects is due to the cost of the warranty bond • 13% of projects have required corrective action Minnesota • No significant changes to construction practices • No apparent cost increase for warranty projects, but contractors appear to increase mobilization item to address warranty costs Mississippi • Asphalt contractors indicated challenges with bonding for warranty projects • Comparative data and anecdotal evidence suggest warranty projects have improved performance • Anecdotal evidence suggests contractors using third-party mix designs, higher performancegrade binders, and better crews and equipment on warranty projects Ohio • Project selection includes simple projects with well-defined conditions and consistency • Average project bid increase was not significant; higher costs attributed to warranty bond • Warranty enforcement can be difficult Wisconsin • Initial cost about 7% higher, but life-cycle costs was less by about 10% • Analysis showed that warrantied projects were more cost-effective • Performance improved with warranty projects Table 13. Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... Literature Review 21 Requirement Acceptance Criteria Remedial Action Completion of Construction Surface condition No coarse aggregate loss or flushing, free of segregation, fat spot, bleeding, surface damage and contamination Repair or replace surface course Surface tolerance ≤ 0.12 in. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... 22 Performance-Based Pavement Warranty Practices Summary The primary aspects of pavement warranties include: • Identify warranty type. Warranty types include materials and workmanship or performance, depending on the agencies' expected outcomes. Read the entire page →

From page 5...

... 5 Introduction Transportation agencies often face pressure to reduce construction costs and traffic closures, while achieving high quality projects. European agencies have utilized pavement warranties to improve the quality of pavements and to protect highway investments from premature failure (Hancher 1994, D'Angelo et al.