Developing a Guide to Emergency Management at State Transportation Agencies (2020) / Chapter Skim
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18 APPENDIX A LITERATURE REVIEW CONTENTS Introduction ...................................................................................................................................
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19 Introduction Overall DOT efforts have improved emergency response planning and training since the publication of the original version of this document. TIM provides processes and procedures for responders (firefighters, EMS, law enforcement, towing and recovery, safety patrols, transportation and maintenance crews and 911 professionals)
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20 including the state's emergency management agency; county highway departments; with various agencies of the U.S. DOT; and with DOTs from other states to ensure activities can be easily integrated when necessary.
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21 A Institutional Context for Emergency Management Recent guidance at the national level has been reshaping the focus and long-term direction of transportation agencies.
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22 National Disaster Recovery Framework, Second Edition – Information Sheet Citation. "National Disaster Recovery Framework, Second Edition – Information Sheet," Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
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23 Synopsis. The National Mitigation Framework covers the capabilities necessary to reduce the loss of life and property by lessening the effects of disasters, and focuses on risk (understanding and reducing it)
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24 National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS) as part of the Public Information and Warning core capability.
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25 NIPP 2013: Partnering for Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Citation. National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP)
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26 B Nature and Degree of Hazards/Threats Hazards have continued to evolve since the First Edition was published.
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27 Citation. A Guide for Assessing Community Emergency Response Needs and Capabilities for Hazardous Materials Releases.
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28 In its concluding section ("The Road Ahead – Setting an Agenda for Partnership in Security") , this publication advocates that DOTs be "considered as first responders in terms of support from the Department of Homeland Security." For strengthening this partnership, four cornerstones are proposed: • recognition of vital role of DOT in emergency management and homeland security, • responsiveness to road, bridge, and tunnel asset protection needs, • additional resources for DOT to meet homeland security challenges, and • support for transportation-related security research.
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29 Hazard Data Sources and Tools Information on potential hazards, including probability and possible effects, can be obtained from the FEMA, State Emergency Management and Civil Defense Agencies, National Weather Service (NWS) , Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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30 Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (NOAA) Available: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/ahps/ The NOAA Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS)
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31 SpaceWeather.com Available: spaceweather.com This website maintains all space weather information including current conditions. White House Workshop on Space Weather, 2015 The White House held a workshop titled "Space Weather: Understanding Potential Impacts and Building Resilience" in October of 2015 and released the following supporting commitments to enhance space weather preparedness: • Releasing New Space Environment Data.
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32 Physical Security Primer for Transportation, and A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies –officials will have the information they need to incorporate space weather considerations into transportation security guidelines and emergency response plans. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
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33 https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/final_nationalspaceweatheraction plan_20151028.pdf The newly released National Space Weather Strategy (Strategy) and Space Weather Action Plan (Action Plan)
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34 Citation. Wilshusen, Gregory C
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35 Guidebook on Best Practices for Airport Cybersecurity Citation. Murphy, Randall J; Sukkarieh, Michael; Haass, Jon; Hriljac, Paul.
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36 the coordination, information sharing, and intelligence requirements for dealing with cybersecurity incidents, threats, and vulnerabilities. An ISAC can serve as an industry resource by which to gather key information about cybersecurity events and issues and identify, communicate, and analyze potential impacts of such concerns to the sector.
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37 protection against man-made cyber events (i.e., computer hackers)
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38 released in December 2013, and, according to DHS, a new sector-specific plan is estimated to be completed in December 2014. Until DHS, in collaboration with stakeholders, addresses the cybersecurity implications of the emerging technologies in planning activities, information systems are at an increased risk of failure or being unavailable at critical moments.
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39 Synopsis: Securing the nation's transportation and information systems is a primary responsibility of the DHS. Within DHS, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
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40 Citation. Freight Rail Security: Actions Have Been Taken to Enhance Security, but the Federal Strategy Can Be Strengthened and Security Efforts Better Monitored.
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41 Citation. NCHRP Web-Only Document 221/TCRP Web-Only Document 67: Protection of Transportation Infrastructure from Cyber Attacks: A Primer, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2016.
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42 fare collection, automatic vehicle location (AVL) ,physical security feeds (CCTV, access control)
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43 and alerts • Provides security awareness training courses (see http://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/Training- Available-Through-ICS-CERT)
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44 NIST Computer Security Division's Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC) Available: http://csrc.nist.gov/index.html This Center facilitates broad sharing of information security tools and practices, provides a resource for information security standards and guidelines, and identifies key security web resources to support users in industry, government, and academia.
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45 Guide to IEEE 802.11i (2007) • Special Publication 800-100, Information Security Handbook: A Guide for Managers (2006)
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46 • Over the Road Bus Information Sharing and Analysis Center (OTRB ISAC) The OTRB ISAC provides cyber and physical security warning and incident reporting for the OTR transportation segment.
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47 The Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) is a partnership between the FBI and the National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C)
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48 C Emergency Management Program Transportation plays a critical and unique role in emergency response.
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49 Information Sheet ESF #1 Transportation Available: http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1913-250452201/final_esf_1_transportation_20130501.pdf Managing Catastrophic Transportation Emergencies: A Guide for Transportation Executives Citation. Managing Catastrophic Transportation Emergencies: A Guide for Transportation Executives.
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50 Synopsis. This Guide supports development of a formal program for the improved management of traffic incidents, natural disasters, security events, and other emergencies on the highway system.
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51 Synopsis. This Guide examines development of transportation response options to an extreme event involving chemical, biological, or radiological agents.
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52 Synopsis. This report examines the status, constraints, opportunities, and strategies for incorporating security into transportation planning at the state and metropolitan levels.
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53 • Identify and outline a framework for achieving a complete TIM program for the different levels of government utilizing national guidelines. • Outline the key elements that are contained in successful TIM programs.
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54 of TIM performance measures; Implementing the National TIM Responder Training course developed through the Transportation Research Board's Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) ; Improving the efficiency of the highway system through possible cost recovery strategies, better investment of cost-efficient resources, and improved communication among responders about roles and responsibilities; and Developing an action-based executive group equipped to provide leadership, support, and guidance in advancing priority actions.
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55 Field Operations Guide for Safety/Service Patrols Citation. Field Operations Guide for Safety/Service Patrols, FHWA, 2009.
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56 Presidential Policy Directive 8: National Preparedness (2011) http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/presidential-policy-directive-8-national-preparedness.pdf National Preparedness Goal, Second Edition – Information Sheet Citation.
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57 National Prevention Framework, Second Edition – Information Sheet Citation. "National Prevention Framework, Second Edition – Information Sheet," FEMA, Washington, DC, 2016, [Online]
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58 Synopsis. The National Mitigation Framework covers the capabilities necessary to reduce the loss of life and property by lessening the effects of disasters, and focuses on risk (understanding and reducing it)
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59 The new Framework incorporates the edits to the National Preparedness Goal and new lessons learned. Additional changes made to the framework include "Increased focus on Recovery's relationship with the other four mission areas.
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60 Synopsis.This edition of TRB's Transportation Research Record includes 18 papers that examine resilience and climate change issues related to transportation: • Roadmaps for Adaptation Measures of Transportation to Climate Change • Resilience Versus Risk: Assessing Cost of Climate Change Adaptation to California's Transportation System and the City of Sacramento, California • Barriers to Implementation of Climate Adaptation Frameworks by State DOTs • Resilience of Coastal Transportation Networks Faced with Extreme Climatic Events • Analysis of Transportation Network Vulnerability Under Flooding Disasters • Vulnerability Evaluation of Logistics Transportation Networks Under Seismic Disasters • Integrating Stochastic Failure of Road Network and Road Recovery Strategy into Planning of Goods Distribution After a Large-Scale Earthquake • Multimodal Transit Connectivity for Flexibility in Extreme Events • Risk and Resilience Analysis for Emergency Projects • Unmanned Aircraft Systems Used for Disaster Management • Multimodal Evacuation Simulation and Scenario Analysis in Dense Urban Area: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Case Study • Spatiotemporal Population Distribution Method for Emergency Evacuation: Case Study of New Orleans, Louisiana • Joint Evacuation and Emergency Traffic Management Model with Consideration of Emergency Response Needs • Supporting Mobility-Impaired Populations in Emergency Evacuations • Agent-Based Evacuation Model Considering Field Effects and Government Advice • Selecting Four-Leg Intersections for Crossing Elimination in Evacuations • Using Dynamic Flashing Yellow for Traffic Signal Control Under Emergency Evacuation • Hurricane Evacuation Route Choice of Major Bridges in Miami Beach, Florida Resilience: Key Products and Projects Citation. Resilience: Key Products and Projects, TRB, updated monthly.
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61 This is an update to the 2007 publication Fundamentals of Effective All-Hazards Security Management for State DOTs. Integrating Hazard Mitigation and Comprehensive Planning Workshop Citation.
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62 foresight efforts thus far, including: uncertainties that define and drive the future environment; strategic needs and gaps our community will have to address; a look into the emergency management community of 2030; and finally, suggested next steps for the community to prepare for the future. The strategic needs in particular – grouped into Essential Capabilities, Innovative Models and Tools, and Dynamic Partnerships – are intended as a catalyst for leaders throughout the emergency management community to prepare themselves and the nation for the challenges and opportunities the future holds.
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63 perspectives from the hazards, disasters, and emergency management communities show considerable promise and illuminate the path forward. Resource Guide on Resilience Citation.
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64 Citation. Igor Linkov, Benjamin D
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65 to mitigate and recover from the effects of an adverse event, thereby enhancing the resilience of communities. Resilience Planning in Transportation A Resiliency Framework for Planning in State Transportation Agencies Citation.
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66 Citation. Federal and Transit Agencies Taking Steps to Build Transit Systems' Resilience but Face Challenges, GAO December 2014.
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67 Citation. "The Innovative DOT: A Handbook of Policy and Practice," State Smart Transportation Initiative and Smart Growth America, 2014.
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68 NY Metropolitan Transportation Council, Resilience Planning, Plan 2040 Citation. NY Metropolitan Transportation Council Transportation Plan 2040.
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69 decision making and risk management across modes at local, state, regional, and national levels. • Gaps in leadership, coordination, and workforce capabilities have made it difficult for organizations to effectively incorporate resilience as an embedded function of good operating practice.
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70 Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change (2015)
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71 Richards said that in Pennsylvania, one of the nation's most flood-prone states, officials recently commissioned the state's first resiliency study. She said plans need to include educational campaigns and public outreach.
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72 Vermont is now working to develop an integrated, long-term strategy for resilience – one that weaves together state, regional and local initiatives, and better equips the state to prepare for, respond to and bounce back from future climate impacts and the natural disasters that we know will come. The Resilient Vermont project is a stakeholder-driven process to identify practical steps to reduce our vulnerabilities and minimize the risks to our citizens, our communities, our economy and our environment.
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73 framework for identifying key freight infrastructure corridors and strategies to ensure a resilient freight transportation network in the State of Texas. Resilience Plans – Transportation Specific Examples 2060 Florida Transportation Plan http://www.adaptationclearinghouse.org/resources/2060-florida-transportation-plan-a.html http://www.dot.state.fl.us/planning/ftp/ The "2060 Florida Transportation Plan" provides transportation planning guidance for the state, and includes emergency preparedness and resilience planning in its long-range objectives.
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74 maintenance; and continuing to support research to better understand impacts of extreme weather and climate trends on transportation infrastructure. Illinois' State Long-Range Transportation Plan http://apps.dot.illinois.gov/Checkbox/Survey.aspx?
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75 D Stakeholders – Regional Collaboration National Incident Management System (NIMS)
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76 Synopsis. The Guide uses foundational planning principles, case studies, tips, and tools to explain implementation of transportation planning for possible multijurisdictional disasters, emergencies, and other major events.
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77 A Guidebook for Successful Communication, Cooperation, And Coordination Strategies Between Transportation Agencies and Tribal Communities Citation. NCHRP Report 690: A Guidebook for Successful Communication, Cooperation, and Coordination Strategies Between Transportation Agencies and Tribal Communities, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2011.
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78 E Emergency Management Training National Incident Management System (NIMS)
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79 All-Hazards Position Specific Courses • E/L 950: All-Hazards Position Specific Incident Commander • E/L 952: All-Hazards Position Specific Public Information Officer • E/L 954: All-Hazards Position Specific Safety Officer • E/L 956: All-Hazards Position Specific Liaison Officer • E/L 958: All-Hazards Position Specific Operations Section Chief • E/L 960: All-Hazards Position Specific Division/Group Supervisor • E/L 962: All-Hazards Position Specific Planning Section Chief • E/L 964: All-Hazards Position Specific Situation Unit Leader • E/L 965: All-Hazards Position Specific Resources Unit Leader • E/L 967: All-Hazards Position Specific Logistics Section Chief • E/L 969: All-Hazards Position Specific Communications Unit Leader • E/L 970: All-Hazards Position Specific Supply Unit Leader • E/L 971: All-Hazards Position Specific Facilities Unit Leader • E/L 973: All-Hazards Position Specific Finance/Admin. Section Chief • E/L 975: All-Hazards Position Specific Finance/Admin.
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80 • IS-200: ICS for Single Resources and Initial Action Incidents • ICS-300: Intermediate ICS for Expanding Incidents • ICS-400: Advanced ICS • IS-552: The Public Works Role in Emergency Management • IS-554: Emergency Planning for Public Works • IS-556: Damage Assessment for Public Works • IS-558: Public Works and Disaster Recovery • IS-559: Local Damage Assessment • IS-632: Introduction to Debris Operations • IS-700: Introduction to the NIMS • IS-701.a: NIMS Multiagency Coordination System (MACS) • IS-703.a: NIMS Resource Management • IS-706: NIMS Intrastate Mutual Aid -- An Introduction • IS-800: Introduction to the National Response Framework Note that IS stands for Independent Study.
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81 The website also provides a link to the NEP document dated March 2011. FEMA.gov Exercise Webpage Available: www.fema.gov/exercise FEMA's exercise webpage describes the NEP, the Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP)
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82 Exercise required include no less than four quarterly exercises (i.e., one EMPG-funded exercise and/or an exercise that includes EMPG-funded personnel per quarter) of any type and one fullscale exercise within a 12-month period.
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83 Synopsis. The purpose of the EMAP Standard is described in Chapter 1 as follows: The Emergency Management Standard establishes the minimum acceptable performance criteria for an Emergency Management Program and intends that the standard be fair and equitable for all who choose to adopt it.
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84 Responder Training Program, meets the challenge of "faster clearance and improved safety" for both motorists and responders, and is endorsed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the International Association of Fire Chiefs, and the National Volunteer Fire Council. The program incorporates effective practices and standards and was developed through the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2)
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85 the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2016. Available: https://www.nap.edu/download/23516 Synopsis.
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86 Available: https://transops.s3.amazonaws.com/uploaded.../Summit%20White%20Paper%202.pdf Synopsis. The second White Paper describes the TSM&O workforce characteristics, key positions, and the size and nature of the workforce development problem.
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87 Synopsis. As part of the U.S.
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88 requirements. Up to 0.5% of Section 5307 or 5311 funds can be used to fund transit worker training in the Safety Certification Training Program.
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89 • "Operations Strategies – Maintenance of the capacity and safety of highways by controlling traffic, responding to incidents, clearing snow and other obstructions, and providing information to users on highway conditions and alternatives. • Systems and Technology – Knowledge and understanding of the department's operating systems as well as the technology required to carry out real-time operations.
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90 NCHRP Web-Only Document 215: Incident Command System (ICS) Training for FieldLevel Supervisors and Staff Citation.
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91 Synopsis. The HSEEP provides a set of guiding principles for exercise programs, as well as a common approach to exercise program management, design and development, conduct, evaluation, and improvement planning.
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92 Phases of the Exercises Cycle The exercise cycle phases described in HSEEP include: • Design and Development • Conduct • Evaluation • Improvement Planning Design and Development: Exercise planning team members determine exercise objectives and design the scenario and ensure that they are aligned with the overall multiyear plan. They also engage with key officials, state EMA, and other stakeholders; create documentation and the exercise plan; and, coordinate logistics.
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93 review and take into account jurisdiction-specific threats and hazards from THIRA and risk assessments, AAR results, regulations and other external requirements. Conduct: Conduct-related activities include preparing for exercise play, managing exercise play, and conducting immediate exercise wrap-up activities.
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94 relevant training and exercise information. The target audience of the Synthesis was the managers of M&O field personnel.
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95 Chapter 5 described the development of the Toolkit which presents key courses and catalogs, guidance documents, source organizations, and source-specific information. Chapter 6 presented the conclusion to the Synthesis and a summary of the key findings and further research needs.
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96 Appendix B – Contact list of transportation security training organizations Appendix C – Directory of transportation security resources The Report notes that many DOTs may believe security is not DOT business. However, because transportation systems are vulnerable to various hazards and threats, DOTs play a significant role in infrastructure security and have the responsibility of controlling access to critical components, coordinating with law enforcement to ensure quick response, conducting risk and vulnerability assessments, and taking action to address the effects of risks and vulnerabilities.
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97 that the majority of the current workforce is or will be retiring, creating an urgency regarding knowledge transfer and the need to address the requirements of younger workers. The report's authors identified the following key training successes, challenges, and recommendations.
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98 • Training Needs Analysis • Role-based learning objective profiles • Prioritized list of potential TERA scenarios Phase 2 • Developed storyboards and facilitator/user guides • Developed a prototype module • Performed field testing of the prototype module Phase 3 • Developed the scenario-based training system • Executed Test Plan Chapter 3 presents the project findings. Table 3, Scenarios with Task Function Differentiators, is included in this Chapter.
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99 Available: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18574/advancing-workforce-health-at-the-department-ofhomeland-security-protecting Synopsis. From the TRID Database: "The more than 200,000 men and women that make up the DHS workforce have been entrusted with the ultimate responsibility – ensuring that the homeland is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards.
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100 Citation. "Fiscal Year 2016 Transit Security Grant Program Fact Sheet," FEMA, Washington, DC, [Online]
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101 Homeland Security determines are appropriate to address the security of the public transportation system" Link for the main Transit Security Grant Program site: https://www.fema.gov/fiscal-year-2016-transit-security-grant-program Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 Transit Security Grant Program (TSGP)
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102 Synopsis. The TSSP Certification is administered by the FTA's Transit Safety and Security Division.
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103 Approved Transit Courses for Homeland Security Grants Courses approved by the Department of Homeland Security/Office of Domestic Preparedness are eligible for a Homeland Security Grant. They include the following: • FT00432 – Transit System Security • FT00531 – Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (Provides system security concepts and initiatives, the three CPTED principles, and facilities design and operations planning)
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104 – Provide food and water to workers. – Assist with clean-up efforts.
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105 Staff phone banks. Provide communications assistance (i.e., act as runners)
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106 • A priority activity in response and recovery from a terrorist attack is to "promote participation in local security exercises to ensure public and private familiarity with plans, procedures, and capabilities." (page 12) • To address chemical and biological Threats against transit, a priority is to assure availability of response training for frontline employees.
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107 Freight rail's primary risk scenario includes an IED attack on hazardous materials and attacks on critical transportation system infrastructure. This scenario bolsters the following risk- based training and exercise priorities: • "Provide effective training for frontline employees in security sensitive positions.
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108 NIMS/ICS procedures and forms along with other activities that streamline emergency work will help agencies recover costs in an efficient manner and meet program deadlines. Sources of FHWA ER training included FHWA Division Offices and state DOT's FHWA ER coordinators.
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109 provided additional resources to continue pilot testing the curriculum using different learning environments (e.g., one all classroom and one online)
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110 While law enforcement vehicles and fire trucks carry little, if any, temporary traffic control equipment, nearly all PW/DOT Maintenance and Operations personnel are certified in Temporary Work Zone Traffic Control, by the International Municipal Signal Association (IMSA) , American Traffic Safety Services Association (ATSSA)
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111 Citation. Bergner, Dave, "The Role of Public Works In Traffic Incident Management And Other Emergencies And Disasters," Submitted for publication in the Journal of Public Works and Infrastructure, Vol.
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