Advances in Unstable Slope Instrumentation and Monitoring (2020) / Chapter Skim
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15 State of the Practice 3.1 Questionnaire Content and Method A web-based survey questionnaire was used to document the state of practice for instrumentation and monitoring of unstable slopes within state DOTs. Geotechnical contacts from state DOTs, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia were invited to complete the questionnaire.
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16 Advances in Unstable Slope Instrumentation and Monitoring Responded to Survey Did Not Respond to Survey Figure 3.1. Map of the United States showing the 43 states that responded to the survey in green.
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State of the Practice 17 3.4 Use of Instrumentation and Monitoring Technologies A synthesis of survey responses regarding the use of instrumentation and monitoring technologies is presented in this section. A list of instrumentation and monitoring technologies was presented in the survey questionnaire, and respondents were asked whether these technologies have been used by their agency for over 10 years (Established Use)
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18 Advances in Unstable Slope Instrumentation and Monitoring or photo capture systems, significant event detection systems, satellite InSAR, and groundbased LiDAR. New Use There are also several instrumentation and monitoring technologies that have been adopted by state DOTs within the last 10 years (New Use)
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State of the Practice 19 technologies has experienced the greatest adoption of use. The summary of survey responses related to new use of all surveyed instrumentation and monitoring technologies within the last 10 years is presented in Figure 3.4.
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20 Advances in Unstable Slope Instrumentation and Monitoring Technologies Not Being Used More than half of respondents are not using the following instrumentation and monitoring techniques: • Onsite real-time data acquisition for several different types of instruments • Onsite data analysis for decision support • Web-based presentation of data to stakeholders outside of agency 3.6 Reported State Practices and Perspectives In response to the survey, about half of the respondents said that they have developed or deployed an innovative instrumentation or monitoring technology within the last 10 years for an agency special case or specific unstable slope problem. It is important to note that the definition Web-based presentation of data to stakeholders outside of agency Onsite data analysis for decision support Onsite real-time data acquisition for several different types of instruments Remote real-time viewing of data Transmission of data offsite via wireless (radio, cellular, etc.)
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State of the Practice 21 of "innovative" is subjective to each respondent. Some of the innovations described appear to be use cases that have not been adopted by any other state, while other states reported innovations that have been used by others for over a decade.
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5% 17% 38% 24% 17% 2 7 16 10 7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 > $250,000 $50,000 to $250,000 $10,000 to $50,000 < $10,000 Unsure of approximate range 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Number of Responses Percentage of Survey Respondents 42 survey respondents Figure 3.7. Annual funds committed to instrumentation and monitoring of unstable slopes.
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State of the Practice 23 are installing and maintaining instrumentation and monitoring equipment and managing data in-house. Only infrequently are they installing warning systems or performing remote sensing in-house.
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24 Advances in Unstable Slope Instrumentation and Monitoring 28% 37% 49% 51% 28% 14% 12 16 21 22 12 6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Daily Weekly Approximately monthly A few times per year Once every 1 to 2 years Rarely 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Number of Responses Percentage of Survey Respondents 43 survey respondents Figure 3.10. Frequency that data obtained using instrumentation and monitoring technology are evaluated or interpreted for use in reporting or response actions on unstable slopes.
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State of the Practice 25 3.9 How DOTs Use Monitoring Data Once Collected and Analyzed State DOTs reported that monitoring data is used for various purposes -- the most frequent being tracking of movement or activity to trigger additional treatment actions and to establish the extent and rate of movement for use in design of stabilization solutions. More than half of respondents also use the data for supporting maintenance and operational decisions, improving reliability for site-specific hazard mitigation design decisions, and to establish whether movement is within tolerances for construction activities.
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26 Advances in Unstable Slope Instrumentation and Monitoring While instrumentation and monitoring technologies are advancing, visualization and communication of monitoring data is still mostly done through site-specific reports prepared with conventional word processing and spreadsheet software or through instrumentation vendor-developed software and/or web-based systems. In contrast, some states have adopted the use of 3D image viewing software or virtual reality systems (Figure 3.14)
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