Encouraging Participation and Cooperation in Contact Tracing Lessons from Survey Research (2020) / Chapter Skim
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Encouraging Participation and Cooperation in Contact Tracing: Lessons from Survey Research
Encouraging Participation and Cooperation in Contact Tracing: Lessons from Survey Research
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* Co-chair of SEAN Executive Committee and member of Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats *
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Therefore, this rapid expert consultation suggests proven strategies from survey research that decision makers can use to encourage participation in and cooperation with contact tracing efforts along two fronts: encouraging individuals to respond to outreach from health department officials regarding participation in contact tracing and case investigation, and encouraging those who do participate to share information about people whom they may have exposed to COVID-19. These strategies are summarized in Box 1.
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CHALLENGES TO PARTICIPATION AND COOPERATION Contact tracing succeeds when local public health departments rapidly locate people who have tested positive and persuade them to participate in the investigation of their cases. Local public health departments face challenges to participation and cooperation at several critical steps of the contact tracing and disease investigation process.
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First, survey participation does not usually provide a direct health benefit, whereas contact tracing offers an immediate health benefit to people's close connections. In addition, while survey research rarely needs to be so timely that each day matters, the effectiveness of contact tracing depends on timeliness.
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Examples of potential applications to COVID-19 contact tracing: Monetary incentives could accompany contact tracing requests that are mailed or delivered in person at the time of testing. In-kind incentives might include offering free, on-demand testing for the family members and close connections of people who have tested positive, or providing different types of supports for people who must quarantine as a result of potential exposure (e.g., masks; hand sanitizer; delivery of food, groceries, or household supplies; connections to health and social services)
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Examples of potential applications to COVID-19 contact tracing: Individuals who participate could be reminded that they will receive frequent follow-up communications about their own symptoms and health. Local health departments also could stress that individuals who have tested positive for COVID-19 are protecting their families, friends, and communities by helping to keep them safe from infection.
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However, people also could be encouraged to provide just enough detail about their connections, such as a cell phone number or email address, to allow contact tracing efforts to proceed. OTHER STRATEGIES FROM SURVEY RESEARCH TO CONSIDER Local public health departments may already be using many of the strategies outlined above.
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To supplement their own expertise, the authors received input from several external sources, whose willingness to share their perspectives and expertise was essential to this work: Denise Anthony, University of Michigan; Carla Bezold, Detroit Health Department; Ron Carlee, Old Dominion University; Kari Carris, NORC; Rachel Caspar, RTI; David Cotton, NORC; Mick Couper, University of Michigan; Don Dillman, Washington State University; Pramod Dwivedi, Linn County, Iowa, Public Health; Allyson Holbrook, University of Illinois, Chicago; Robert Hummer, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Courtney Kennedy, Pew Research Center; Linda Langston, Langston Strategies Group; Sunghee Lee, University of Michigan; Virginia Lewis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Norma Marti, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services; Carol Moehrle, Idaho Public Health; Jeffrey Morenoff, University of Michigan; Kristen Olson, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Krista Perreira, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Norbert Schwarz, University of Southern California; Srija Srinivasan, San Mateo County Health Department; Jay Varma, New York City Office of the Mayor; David Weir, University of Michigan; Robb Willer, Stanford University; and Gabrielle Wong-Parodi, Stanford University. We also thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Jeffrey Morenoff, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan; Nora Cate Schaeffer, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison; Joshua M
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, Georgetown University DOMINIQUE BROSSARD, University of Wisconsin, Madison JANET CURRIE, Princeton, University MICHAEL HOUT, New York University ARATI PRABHAKAR, Actuate ADRIAN E RAFTERY, University of Washington JENNIFER RICHESON, Yale University Staff: MONICA N
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Monetary incentives and response rates in household surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 79(1)
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. Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS)
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