Accelerating Decarbonization in the United States Technology, Policy, and Societal Dimensions (2024) / Chapter Skim
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3 Public Health Co-Benefits and Impacts of Decarbonization ABSTRACT The energy system, which incorporates transportation, industry, buildings, and agriculture, supports daily activities that have both beneficial and adverse impacts on public health. The energy transition to a net-zero future provides an opportunity to address multiple health and energy challenges simultaneously.
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consideration for affected communities, existing disparities will persist and continue the nation's legacy of desperate and unjust health and economic damages -- or even worsen inequities and create new disparities. In addition to the impacts of the current energy system, climate change has adverse impacts on health.
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BOX 3-1 Fossil Fuel Combustion and Criteria Air Pollutants Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of particles derived from a variety of sources -- including fossil fuel combustion, wildfires, windblown dust, agriculture, and chemical reactions of other pollutants like ammonia and sulfur dioxide.
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In the United States, ambient air pollution, especially from fine particulate matter (PM2.5) , is among the top environmental risk factors for premature death.
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wind and solar in the United States have prevented between 3,000 and 12,700 deaths and saved $29.1 billion–$112.8 billion (2015$) of health costs (Millstein et al.
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Ambient Air Quality and Facility Siting Since 1982, the environmental justice movement in the United States has identified disproportionate siting of hazardous facilities, particularly sites for energy production and petrochemical facilities, near historically disadvantaged populations (Agyeman et al. 2002; GAO 1983; James et al.
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exacerbate this trend (Cissé et al.
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of particular concern for young people (Hickman et al., 2021; Ojala et al. 2021; Palinkas and Wong 2020)
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decarbonizing in the United States could prevent 300 million lost workdays, and 440 million tons of crop losses (Shindell et al.
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associated with many of the provisions in the bills. 2 Together IIJA and IRA invest in the nation's energy 40F and transportation sectors through appropriations and authorization which will have direct and indirect impacts on GHG emission reduction goals.
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Chapter 5 for more about siting processes. If incentives work as planned, improvements in air quality, active travel, and mitigation of climate change will provide substantial positive health benefits.
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FIGURE 3-3 CO2 reductions and health benefits per ton of CO2 reduced, by region and renewable energy type. NOTES: Red circle represents rooftop solar, green triangle represents utility solar PV, and blue square represents wind.
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remain in that region, with marked state-to-state variability (Mailloux et al.
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and water usage required may depend on the type, diversity, and density of vegetation (Fineschi and Loreto 2020; Rambhia et al.
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initiatives. Furthermore, the health impacts of transportation modes, such as mass transit and active transport, can be challenging to model across large scales.
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replacing automobile trips. While riders of mass transit may not be active during a bus ride or train ride, 90 percent of transit riders walk to or from their transit stops (NASEM 2021)
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Improved Nutrition Co-Benefits Shifting from diets high in animal product, particularly red meat and processed meat, to more plant-based diets can reduce GHG emissions and improve health. This shift can also provide other environmental benefits, including improved water quality and decreased nutrient runoff.
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incentives toward sustainable, low-emission production of fruits and vegetables. This could reduce the risk for farmers, create greater access to fruit and vegetables, and reduce production and consumption of high-emission animal foods.
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experts and affected stakeholders will advance both public health and equity approaches of the energy transition. Therefore, successful decarbonization policies have to include selection criteria and formal evaluation with health benefits in mind, in addition to equity and efficacy for carbon emissions reduction.
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Tzanidakis et al. 2013; Veltman et al.
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without the air pollution (Jacobson 2019)
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play a critical role in the assessment of the risks associated with decarbonization technologies, especially occupational health risks. Although this report focuses on the United States, the full life cycle assessment of health impacts needs to take into account international impacts.
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average internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) in every region of the United States; furthermore, more than 90 percent of the U.S.
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Animal Protein Sources 3-2: Increase Use Congress, Centers • Electricity • Equity Ensuring Equity, of Health Impact for Disease Justice, Health, and • Buildings • Health Assessment Tools Control and Fairness of Impacts in Energy Project Prevention (CDC) , • Transportation • Industry Rigorous and Decision-Making National Center Transparent Analysis for Environmental • Fossil fuels and Reporting for Health/Agency for Adaptive Management Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (NCEH/ATSDR)
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Agyeman, J., R.D. Bullard, and B
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Bravo, M.A., R Anthopolos, M.L.
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https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2205356119. Carmichael, W
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Diffenbaugh, N.S., D Singh, J.S.
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Francisco, P.W., J.R. Gordon, and B
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Graham, D.A., J.K. Vanos, N.A.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.03.008. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335518300469.
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Knowlton, K., M Rotkin-Ellman, L
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Li, X., S Huang, A
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9. Martinez-Alier, J
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Nardone, A., J.A. Casey, R
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Reck, B.K., and T.E. Graedel.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.03.009. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916417303703.
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Thompson, T., M Webber, and D.T.
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Vohra, K., A Vodonos, J
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Woodruff, T.J., J.D. Parker, A.D.
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