Diagnosing and Treating Adult Cancers and Associated Impairments (2021) / Chapter Skim
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3 Cancer Epidemiology
3 Cancer Epidemiology
Pages 47-70
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Program, which collects and publishes cancer incidence and survival data from selected state cancer registries. SEER also routinely includes information on the race, ethnicity, age, sex, and geography of the cancer populations.
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The chapter begins with a discussion of cancer incidence, which is followed by a summary of cancer mortality statistics, and ends with a discussion of cancer survivorship and morbidity. Each section includes specific discussions of the epidemiology of breast cancer and lung cancer as well as limited epidemiologic information about other selected cancers where appropriate.
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This is followed by an overview of how demographic factors are reflected in cancer incidence rates. In the final sections, the committee looks specifically at factors that affect the incidence rates for breast cancer, lung cancer, and other selected cancers of interest to SSA.
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The overall cancer incidence rates during this period were substantially lower among men (115.3 per 100,000) than among women (203.3 per 100,000)
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. Obesity is an important factor that may be influencing patterns of cancer incidence, especially in young adults.
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In this section, the committee provides an overview of differences in cancer incidence that are evident across age, sex, and ethnic and racial groups for commonly diagnosed cancers. The impact of geographic location on the incidence of cancers is also briefly considered, followed by brief discussions of breast cancer, lung cancer, and other frequently diagnosed cancers that may be of interest to SSA.
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. Overall, Whites and Blacks have the highest cancer incidence rates, and Asian/Pacific Islanders and American Indian/Alaska Natives have the lowest incidence rates.
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White men and women have the greatest incidence rates for breast cancer, head and neck cancers, nervous system cancers, leukemia, lymphoma, and ovarian cancer, and Black men and women have the greatest incidence rates for lung cancer and colorectal cancers. American Indian/Alaska Natives and Asian/Pacific Islanders of both sexes generally have lower incidence rates overall, though American Indian/Alaska Natives have the highest incidence rates of liver and bile duct cancers.
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SOURCE: Based on SEER Cancer Statistics Review (CSR)
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. Recent data show that from 2012 through 2016, cancer incidence rates decreased in 31 states and were stable in 15 states (Henley et al., 2020)
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.1 Breast cancers in Black women tend to have less favorable prognostic characteristics than those in White women. Lung Cancer Lung cancer is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis in SSA cancer disability claims (see Table 2-1)
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. Lung cancer incidence rates vary across geographic regions in the United States, with the highest incidence rates generally in the South and the lowest incidence rates in the West.
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As was seen with the cancers in SSA disability claims, the incidence rates and mortality rates for the most common cancers in the United States are not necessarily correlated; for example, ovarian cancer is the fifth most frequent cause of cancer death among women, but not in the TABLE 3-4 Incidence and Mortality Rates (per 100,000 persons) for the 10 Most Common Cancers Listed in SSA Disability Claims Received in 2019 Impairment Incidence Ratea Mortality Ratea Lung cancer 54.2 38.5 Breast cancer 127.5 20.6 Colorectal cancers 38.2 13.7 Head and neck cancers 11.4 2.5 Pancreatic cancer 13.1 11.0 Nervous system cancers 6.4 4.4 Leukemia 14.1 6.3 Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin lymphoma)
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. Cancer mortality rates have fallen since 1991 (see Figure 3-7)
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NOTE: * Breast cancer and ovarian cancer mortality rates are estimated from sexspecific mortality, with the assumption that the population is 50% male and 50% female.
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Mortality increases with age for female breast cancer: the age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rate for women under 65 is 9.9 per 100,000, while the age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rate for women 65 and older is 92.6 per 100,000, based on SEER data from 2013–2017 (see Table 3-5)
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. The mortality rate for lung cancer is higher for men than for women, and Black men have higher lung cancer mortality rates than White men, although Black and White women have similar mortality rates (see Table 3-6)
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Figure 3-10 shows 5-year survival rates by cancer type and stage for the cancers found most frequently in SSA disability claims. However, there is considerable variation in the frequency of localized disease across these cancers.
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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 25(7)
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5. Cancer incidence rates vary by race and ethnicity with Whites and Blacks having the highest cancer incidence rates overall and Asian/ Pacific Islanders and American Indian/Alaska Natives having the lowest incidence rates.
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. Cancer mortality is higher among men than women, and mortality rates increase with age.
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2014. Patterns in lung cancer incidence rates and trends by histologic type in the United States, 2004–2009.
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n.d.-a. Cancer mortality rates.
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70 DIAGNOSING AND TREATING ADULT CANCERS Ward, E.M., R.L. Sherman, S.J.
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