Leveraging Unmanned Systems for Coast Guard Missions (2020) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Levels of Automation
Appendix D: Levels of Automation
Pages 125-134
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From page 125... ...
This kind of automation assumes that an operator performs any requirements and decision making that the automated sequence is not instructed to do through its set of rigid rules.1 In contrast, autonomous systems can independently formulate multiple courses of action and can select one to pursue in order to achieve the objectives prescribed to it. In essence, autonomous systems imply a higher order of autonomy, and their development requires the introduction of multiple automation sequences and artificial intelligence to enable equipment to work autonomously without the need of an operator.
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From page 126... ...
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in collaboration with other government and industry experts defined four levels of automation in its Autonomy Levels for Unmanned System Framework.3 First, NIST's framework defines the term autonomous operations of an unmanned system (UMS)
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From page 127... ...
a mission and requires various levels of human-robot interaction. The UMS is capable of autonomous operation in between the human interactions."7 Fully Autonomous "A mode of UMS operation wherein the UMS accomplishes its assigned mission, within a defined scope, without human intervention while adapting to operational and environmental conditions."8 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION Another framework, specifically for unmanned surface ships, has also been developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
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From page 128... ...
This work is progressing rapidly; the first step has been completed, and in June 2019, the IMO approved a set of interim guidelines for MASS trials.11 The next step is to analyze and determine the most appropriate way to address MASS operations, taking into account, inter alia, human element, technology, and operational factors to identify the need for: • Equivalences as provided for by the instruments or developing interpretations; and/or • Amending existing instruments; and/or • Developing new instruments; or • None of the above as a result of the analysis. Reporting of the updated results of this regulatory scoping exercise for the use of MASS was included on the agenda for MSC 102.12 10 International Maritime Organization.
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From page 129... ...
13 recognizes six levels of control: Manned, Operated, Directed, Delegated, Monitored, and Autonomous. Table D-1, from the Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships Industry Conduct Principles and Code of Practice, describes these six levels.
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From page 130... ...
."16 It is too soon to evaluate the ISO's proposed degrees of automation, but it will be worth monitoring. NORWEGIAN FORUM FOR AUTONOMOUS SHIPS The Norwegian Forum for Autonomous Ships considers "Operational autonomy levels" and bridge manning levels as presented in Table D-3.17 14 See UK Code of Practice, p.
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From page 131... ...
A1 Human Yes/No Decision support: system suggests actions. System System Human Human directed Human Human makes decisions and actions.
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From page 132... ...
Decision Support Direct control Remote control Remote control No autonomy Automatic Automatic bridge Automatic ship Automatic ship Constrained Constrained Constrained Autonomous autonomous autonomous Fully Autonomous Fully autonomous AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING The American Bureau of Shipping, Advisory on Autonomous Functionality18 identifies four main levels of automation based on "Sheridan's levels of automation." In increasing level of autonomy, the four levels from the American Bureau of Shipping specify the following: 1. Manual • o machine augmentation of human function N o computer offers no assistance: human must make all The decisions and take all actions 2.
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From page 133... ...
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION Finally, a consideration may emerge from the ISO because it has established a working group on Smart Shipping and task group on MASS and are currently drafting new guidance on "Ships and marine technology -- Terminology related to automation of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) ."20 One proposal from the ISO to the IMO is to define automation as "pertaining to a process or device that, under specified conditions, can function without human intervention (definition is based on ISO/TR 11065)
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From page 134... ...
some situations driving tasks period of time Everyone can be a when the self- passenger in this driving systems are vehicle unable to continue Vehicle Responds only Can provide Can automatically Can take Can assume all In charge of all to inputs from basic help, such steer, accelerate, full control driving tasks the driving and the driver, but as automatic and brake in over steering, under nearly all can operate in can provide emergency braking limited situations accelerations, and conditions without all environments warnings about the or lane keep braking under any driver attention without need for environment support certain conditions human intervention
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