LED Roadway Lighting: Impact on Driver Sleep Health and Alertness (2021) / Chapter Skim
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4 Literature Review As the first task of this project, a literature review was prepared on the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of light on human sleep health and alertness. Through this literature review, gaps in research and the state of knowledge on the effects of light on human health and alertness have been identified.
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Literature Review 5 Photopic, Scotopic, and Mesopic Vision The state of adaptation of the human eye dictates spectral sensitivity, as individual photoreceptors (rods and cones) are active at different luminances.
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6 LED Roadway Lighting: Impact on Driver Sleep Health and Alertness lower mesopic ranges (0.1 and 0.5 lux)
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Literature Review 7 Light Production in LEDs LEDs are solid-state light sources made from semiconducting materials. There is a wide range of semiconducting materials, which are defined as materials whose electrical conductivity is between that of a metal and an insulator.
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8 LED Roadway Lighting: Impact on Driver Sleep Health and Alertness Adaptive street and roadway lighting systems installed in U.S. cities and towns have resulted in significant energy savings, often from 30% to 46% (Escolar et al., 2014; Lau, Merrett, & White, 2013; Municipal Solid-State Street Lighting Consortium, 2013)
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Literature Review 9 Visual Performance Benefits of LEDs Nighttime driving presents many unique hazards that are not issues during the day. Specifically, visibility and contrast sensitivity are greatly reduced.
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10 LED Roadway Lighting: Impact on Driver Sleep Health and Alertness Figure 2. Luminaire type and light level by detection distance (wet and dry pavement)
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Literature Review 11 Circadian Regulation by Light The circadian timing system controls daily rhythms such as sleep and wakefulness, body temperature, hormonal secretion, and other physiological parameters. These inherent rhythms persist even when the organism's environment remains in a constant state.
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12 LED Roadway Lighting: Impact on Driver Sleep Health and Alertness of light exposure, as described in a series of experiments in which spectral content and irradiance were manipulated (Gooley et al., 2010)
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Literature Review 13 Weller, 1972) and has been used in numerous animal and human studies to help determine the biochemical, physiological, and neural mechanisms of melatonin regulation (Brainard et al., 1988; Brainard, Rollag, & Hanifin, 1997; Lewy et al., 1980)
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14 LED Roadway Lighting: Impact on Driver Sleep Health and Alertness lighting (4100 K CCT) for melatonin suppression revealed differences, but only at one of several low-light levels that were compared (Figueiro, Rea, & Bullough, 2006)
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Literature Review 15 daytime sleepiness (Ohayon & Milesi, 2016)
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16 LED Roadway Lighting: Impact on Driver Sleep Health and Alertness Lockley et al., 2006)
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Literature Review 17 mood than the 470 nm light exposure. The acute effects of light exposure on alertness during the day are unlikely to be mediated by melatonin.
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18 LED Roadway Lighting: Impact on Driver Sleep Health and Alertness cancer proliferative and metabolic activity. These results identify a definitive nexus between the exposure of healthy premenopausal female human subjects to light at night and the enhancement of human breast cancer growth progression via disruption of the circadian melatonin signal (Blask et al., 2011)
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Literature Review 19 Engineering Society of North America, 2011)
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20 LED Roadway Lighting: Impact on Driver Sleep Health and Alertness In developing Table 2, the DOE provided the melanopic content because it is a primary indicator of the relative potential for the listed light sources to stimulate human biological responses that are the subjects of much of the AMA's 2016 statement. Note, however, that influences from other photoreceptors, such as the rods and cones, are known to contribute to biological responses such as circadian and neurophysiological regulation, but in ways that are not fully clear to the medical research community (DOE, 2016)
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Literature Review 21 Addressing Gaps in the State of Knowledge Based on these identified gaps, the current study aims to address the following research questions: 1. What are the effects of the illuminance, duration, and spectral power distribution (SPD)
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