Critical Findings on COVID-19 Select Publications from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2021) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 311-343
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 311... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic FEBRUARY EMERGENCY EVACUATION AND SHELTERING DURING 2021 THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Authors: Nnenia M Campbell*
|
From page 312... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Fundamental shifts in preparedness planning are needed to ensure health, safety, and smooth operations during emergencies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This rapid expert consultation details what is known from research on evacuation behavior, social responses to disaster, and risk communication, as well as lessons learned from emergency managers, public health departments, local officials, and human service providers, as the second year of the pandemic unfolds.
|
From page 313... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 2 INTRODUCTION This rapid expert consultation aims to help emergency planners and other decision makers identify strategies for updating evacuation plans, sheltering operations, and risk communication practices to prepare for hazards and disasters that may occur during the COVID-19 pandemic and during future large-scale public health threats. 1 Most communities already have disaster preparedness plans and designated emergency planners; however, concerns about transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have required significant modifications to traditional approaches for managing hazard threats.
|
From page 314... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 3 evacuation in addition to a heightened risk of exposure to the virus and complications from COVID-19. Nonprofit organizations, places of worship, community health clinics, and other social institutions that have close ties to historically marginalized populations may be well positioned to assist with emergency outreach, evacuation, and sheltering efforts Research shows that negative experiences with law enforcement, such as instances of police violence, can suppress people's willingness to engage with authorities on matters of public safety, particularly in Black neighborhoods (Desmond et al., 2016)
|
From page 315... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 4 Key Takeaways: Evacuation Planning Addressing Community Support Needs • Assess Population Vulnerability. Use demographic data and local knowledge to identify populations that are most likely to experience disaster impacts and are at higher risk of becoming ill with COVID-19.
|
From page 316... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 5 identifying populations both at disproportionate risk for disaster impacts (e.g., those living below the poverty line, mobile home residents, people with limited English language proficiency) as well as from COVID-19 (e.g., African Americans, older adults, people with disabilities)
|
From page 317... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 6 violence organizations developed by the California Partnership to End Domestic Violence is a useful resource for such discussions (California Partnership to End Domestic Violence, n.d.)
|
From page 318... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 7 Emergency planners also need to address medical vulnerabilities in their populations (Kishore et al., 2018)
|
From page 319... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 8 spread of the virus, including through asymptomatic transmission, need to be incorporated into existing transportation plans. Service providers may need to increase the number of vehicles or trips or the amount of time specified in evacuation plans to allow for physical distancing (Dunn et al., 2020)
|
From page 320... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 9 6. Reduce Shadow Evacuation Shadow evacuation occurs when people outside the officially declared evacuation zone decide to leave, a phenomenon that can increase evacuation route congestion that propagates back into the evacuation zone.
|
From page 321... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 10 safely shelter together. 14 They are likely to need updated information about best practices for maintaining physical distance, wearing masks (including which types of masks are most appropriate)
|
From page 322... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 11 preparations well before they decide to leave. That is, they need to pack bags, secure the home, and arrange accommodations before leaving (e.g., by contacting friends and relatives or making advance reservations at commercial facilities)
|
From page 323... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 12 Key Takeaways: Shelter and Mass Care Operations Shelter Planning • Enhance Shelter Capacity in Socially Vulnerable Communities. Address the potential need for greater public shelter capacity due to the pandemic.
|
From page 324... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 13 plans be modified to prioritize small shelters (those with fewer than 50 occupants) and to increase the use of noncongregate environments, such as private rooms (CDC, 2020a)
|
From page 325... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 14 evacuees, support personnel, and equipment are necessary if disruptions cannot be adequately mitigated.
|
From page 326... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 15 groups. Local emergency planners will need to coordinate with state and federal partners to access additional personnel support from outside the affected area.
|
From page 327... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 16 essential services (De Vita et al., 2008; Lazrus et al., 2020; Schmeltz et al., 2013)
|
From page 328... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 17 Key Takeaways: Evacuation and Sheltering Risk Communication Message Content and Delivery • Begin by Addressing Concerns Most Common in the Population. Provide detailed guidance and address misconceptions about COVID-19 risks without repeating misinformation to avoid encouraging its spread.
|
From page 329... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 18 protocols in shelters (Allcott et al., 2020; Latkin et al., 2021; Long et al., 2020)
|
From page 330... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 19 3. Use Accessible Communication Formats Emergency planners need to be particularly attentive to the accessibility of communications regarding risks and environmental hazards during an evacuation and at shelter sites.
|
From page 331... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 20 Partnering with trusted sources to relay hazard information, evacuation guidance, shelter information, and COVID-19 precautions may help ensure that target recipients receive, pay attention to, comprehend, and believe these messages. Local media outlets, faith leaders, community-based organizations, and others can serve as valuable communication partners that can reach various groups.
|
From page 332... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 21 • detail a time by which people should begin taking protective actions, when such actions should be completed, and how long they should continue; • identify what entity is the source of the message, ensuring that a credible source or, ideally, set of sources, is featured; and • are clear, specific, accurate, and consistent across different channels and formats. To this list, emergency planners may also add sources of additional information and sources of assistance.
|
From page 333... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 22 CONCLUSION The many challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbate the difficulty of evacuating populations from the path of extreme events, providing them with shelter and other required services until the danger has passed, and communicating with them about the need for protective action. Implementing documented best practices through advance planning and interorganizational collaboration can reduce the burden on community resources and produce more equitable outcomes than might otherwise be achieved.
|
From page 334... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 23 Examples and Resources Strategies for Evacuation Planning during the COVID-19 Pandemic • CDC Social Vulnerability Index https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/index.html • U.S. County-Level Characteristics to Inform Equitable COVID-19 Response Interactive Online Tool https://ccdd-hsph-harvard.shinyapps.io/county-risk • Feeding America Impact of Coronavirus on Food Insecurity Interactive Map https://www.feedingamerica.org/research/coronavirus-hunger-research • Emergency Preparedness Toolkit for Domestic Violence Organizations: https://www.cpedv.org/resource-tool/emergency-preparedness-toolkit • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Societal Experts Action Network Report: Encouraging Adoption of Protective Behaviors to Mitigate the Spread of COVID-19 https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25881/encouraging-adoption-of-protective-behaviors-to-mitigate-the spread-of-covid-19.
|
From page 335... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 24 REFERENCES Acosta, J D., Burgette, L., Chandra, A., Eisenman, D
|
From page 336... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 25 California Partnership to End Domestic Violence.
|
From page 337... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 26 Dow, K and Cutter, S
|
From page 338... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 27 Karaye, I M., and Horney, J
|
From page 339... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 28 Lindell, M.K. and Perry, R.W.
|
From page 340... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 29 National Governors Association.
|
From page 341... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 30 Whittaker, J., McLennan, B., and Handmer, J
|
From page 342... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 31 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the sponsors of SEAN -- the National Science Foundation and the Alfred P Sloan Foundation.
|
From page 343... ...
Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic 32 SOCIETAL EXPERTS ACTION NETWORK (SEAN)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.