Report on the U.S. Program for the International Geophysical Year July 1, 1957 - December 31, 1958 (1965) / Chapter Skim
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IV GLACIOLOGY PROGRAM G l a c i o l o g i s t Taking Ramsonde Measurements i n A n t a r c t i c a
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GLACIOLOGY PROGRAM Page A, Organization of Technical Panel on Glaciology 145 B, Summary of Panel Actions 146 C, Project Objectives and Results 149 4.1 Dynamics of the Blue Glacier 150 4.2 Glacier Observations i n Southern Alaska 154 4.3 Blue Glacier 158 4.4 A n t a r c t i c G l a c i o l o g i c a l Equipment 160 4.5 A n t a r c t i c G l a c i o l o g i c a l Personnel 161 4.7 Deep D r i l l i n g 165 4.8 A n t a r c t i c G l a c i o l o g i c a l Equipment - Procurement 172 4.9 G l a c i o l o g i c a l Headquarters O f f i c e 172 4.10 A n t a r c t i c Data Reduction and P u b l i c a t i o n 173 4.11 Glacier Photogrammetry and Mapping 177 4.12 A n t a r c t i c Ice Sampling, Isotope Ratios 180 4.17 McCall Glacier, Brooks Range 184 4.18 A r c t i c Sea Ice Physics 188 4.20 A n t a r c t i c G l a c i a l Geology 189 4.21 A r c t i c L o g i s t i c s 192 Special Projects A - Ross Ice Shelf Deformation 193 Special A n t a r c t i c Project B - G l a c i a l Geology i n McMurdo Sound Area .
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GLACIOLOGY Fourth Meeting August 29-30, 1955 Pasadena, C a l i f o r n i a F i f t h Meeting October 26-27, 1955 Washington, D.C. S i x t h Meeting February 2, 1956 Washington, D.C.
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GLACIOLOGY 3. A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of Program.
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GLACIOLOGY CSAGI recommendations, the data center has acquired a considerable number of photographs of g l a c i e r s from the period of f i f t y years p r i o r to IGY. The data center established a series of " G l a c i o l o g i c a l Reports" which made possible the p u b l i c a t i o n and dissemination of preliminary reports and reports containing d e t a i l e d information and data not o r d i n a r i l y published i n s c i e n t i f i c j o u r n a l s .
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GLACIOLOGY C Project Objectives and Results 1.
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.1 - Dynamics of the Blue Glacier 1. Objectives.
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GLACIOLOGY of poles every year w i l l r e s u l t i n a determination of the vector flow f i e l d of the surface. Some of the stakes were reset i n 1958 f o r observations at new locations.
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GLACIOLOGY ( i ) Fine granular i c e masses i n the Blue Glacier c o n s i s t e n t l y have a dispersed but c l e a r l y centered f a b r i c w i t h the pole perpendicular to the plane of f o l i a t i o n .
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GLACIOLOGY Published Papers.
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.2 - Glacier Observations i n Southern Alaska 1. Ob.iectives.
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GLACIOLOGY Arm; and North Dawes and Dawes Glaciers i n Endicott Arm. Observations of some of these g l a c i e r s were begun i n the 1880's.
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GLACIOLOGY the known chronology of change i n the l a s t h a l f century, a d d i t i o n a l data could also be obtained on the r a t e at which vegetation and p a r t i c u l a r l y trees become seeded i n areas vacated by the i c e . Although the climate of the area i s e s s e n t i a l l y c o a s t a l , there are considerable l o c a l v a r i a t i o n s .
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GLACIOLOGY determine possible r e l a t i o n s h i p s and f o r a study of the causative f a c t o r s involved. Attempts are also being made to determine to what extent they may be r e l a t e d to s i m i l a r advances known to have occurred elsewhere i n Alaska and adjacent parts of Canada, as w e l l as i n other parts of the world, notably the Alps, where g l a c i e r chronology i s comparatively w e l l known since the 17th century.
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.3 - Blue Glacier 1. Objectives.
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GLACIOLOGY surface to a very low l e v e l f o r long periods of time, while albedo of the fr e s h snow under these conditions of d i f f u s e i l l u m i n a t i o n i s gen e r a l l y 0.90 or higher. The same conditions of fog and storm impose a uniform temperature regime at the snow surface and on the adjacent a i r and atmospheric moisture.
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.4 - A n t a r c t i c G l a c i o l o g i c a l Equipment 1. Objectives.
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.5 - A n t a r c t i c G l a c i o l o g i c a l Personnel 1. Objectives.
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GLACIOLOGY Traverses accomplished during the IGY were as follows (see F i g , 1 )
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GLACIOLOGY 90<»w ISO" IVEDDELL SEA SENTINEL MTS / <
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GLACIOLOGY These special summer pr o j e c t s were also supported, f o r reduction of data, under p r o j e c t 4.10. For convenience, they are treated separately as Special Projects A, B, C, and D, f o l l o w i n g the numbered p r o j e c t s .
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.7 - Deep D r i l l i n g 1. Obiectives.
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GLACIOLOGY Results.
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GLACIOLOGY closely spaced groups at regular intervals i n the cores. Thick bands of ice indicative of a period of pronounced thaw were not found and, i n the absence of such diagnostic features, a detailed density analysis of successive layers i n the stratigraphic sequence was carried out.
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GLACIOLOGY measurements, i s between 256 m and 259 m. This seems to indicate that the ice at the bottom i s melting rather than i n a stationary state or i n the process of forming new sea ice.
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GLACIOLOGY llneatlon. Below 140 meters, the ice showed an interlocked texture somewhat analagous to a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle, the fabric pattern reduced to a single maximum of c-axes and the bubble lineations disappeared.
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GLACIOLOGY (vi) Deep D r i l l Hole Temperatures, L i t t l e America V
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.8 - Antarctic Glaciological Equipment - Procurement 1. Objective.
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.10 - Antarctic Data Reduction and Publication 1. Obiectives.
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GLACIOLOGY Part X I I : J.M. Schopf, Paleobotanical Study of Rock Specimens from the Horlick Mountains ( i n preparation)
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.11 - Glacier Photogrammetry and Mapping 1. Obiectives.
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GLACIOLOGY decided that every e f f o r t should be made to obtain the assistance of government agencies i n providing the required aerial photography. Thanks to the cooperation of the United States Navy and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Society was able to obtain the necessary coverage.
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GLACIOLOGY 5. Results.
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.12 - Antarctic Ice Sampling, Isotope Ratios 1. Objectives.
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•24r GLACIOLOGY •30-r - 40 - 4 8 S -22H 10,000 ft -30- 4 0 -461 8,000 ft 0 50 100 150 200 250 DEPTH cm 300 Figure 3. The Seasonal Variation i n Ô /̂Ô ^ Ratio of Snow with Depth for Two Sites i n Northern Greenland, 360 km Apart.
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GLACIOLOGY The Greenland analyses demonstrate the v a l i d i t y of certain basic relations i n the isotope r a t i o of ice and snow which can now be applied to the Antarctic. Table 1 shows some of the data for the South Pole station.
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4,17 - McCall Glacier, Brooks Range 1. Objectives.
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GIACIOLOCT t h i s magnitude was not thought to be frequent, but i t was weighed heavily i n deciding the o v e r a l l accuracy assumed i n the r e s u l t s . A l l angles were read twice d i r e c t and twice reverse to a tolerance of ten seconds.
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GLACIOLOGY Shortly a f t e r evacuation of the intermediate camp on September 3 , a heavy snowfall covered the g l a c i e r and ended the a b l a t i o n season. A b l a t i o n may occur during the wint e r through the mechanism of wind d e f l a t i o n , however, t h i s would only remove snow f a l l i n g during the f a l l and winter.
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GLACIOLOGY Approximately 200 pages o£ tabulated data (wind speed and temperatures)
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.18 - A r c t i c Sea Ice Physics 1. Objectives.
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.20 - A n t a r c t i c G l a c i a l Geology 1. Objectives.
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GLACIOLOGY We11-developed elevated beaches, wave-washed bedrock surfaces, and marine-boulder pavements are found from New Harbor north to Granite Harbor. The highest measured elevated beach on Dunlop I s l a n d was 20.4 meters above sea l e v e l .
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GLACIOLOGY 6. Bibliography.
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GLACIOLOGY Project 4.21 - A r c t i c L o g i s t i c s 1. Objectives.
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GLACIOLOGY Special A n t a r c t i c Project A - Ross Ice Shelf Deformation 1. Objectives.
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GLACIOLOGY « M U 5 HQ,, pnotognipn flean in DM«mb«r i997 If oiMtulOliOfi Neitmotr W JofM't I9U MAP OF THE STRUCTURAL F E A T U R E S OF THE ROSS ICE SHELF NEAR CAMP MICHIGAN NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1957 J A M E S M Z U M B E R G E eXPUNATlON I I Sm c* ot vorymg rhiciincti -- C r t v o t i e Anticlinal out Moior rrior*
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GLACIOLOGY and ended i n January, 1959. The base of operations was Camp Michigan, which, i n December of 1957, was located at 163°57.3'W, 78°34.0'S.
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GLACIOLOGY c. Thickness.
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GLACIOLOGY trough. S t r a t i g r a p h i c studies show that the year 1926 marked the beginning of a trend i n which the crest received less accumulation because of i t s increased height above the surrounding surface.
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GLACIOLOGY Special A n t a r c t i c Project B - G l a c i a l Geology i n the McMurdo Sound Area 1. Objectives.
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GLACIOLOGY McMurdo Sound Mt Discover/ Eiilling gloclari I T O * _ I Figure 8.
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GIACIOLOGY (a) McMurdo G l a c i a t i o n .
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GIACIOLOGY McMurdo Sound Taylor Dry Vol slond oc I e Brown Island While Islond Block Island t . Eiillinj glocierl / I 1 Inferred extern o( Taylor GlQCiQiron / B 0 I70» -- 1 Figure 10a.
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GIACIOLOGY Wilson Piedmont Glocier B M i i e i Contour intervol 1000 Feet Doshod tines represent tioir.Interval contours V j Existing glociers Inferred extent of Fryxell Glociotion Commonwealth Glacier McMurdo Sound Canada Glociar Fryxell Suess Glocier Locroix Glacier Nussboum Bonney Toylor Glacier Figure 11. Sketch map (by T.L.
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During K o e t t l i t z G l a c i a t i o n the alpine g l a c i e r s that poured i n t o the desert v a l l e y s were only a few hundreds of yards more extensive than they are now. The o u t l e t g l a c i e r s and shelf ice were much more extensive.
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The sequence suggested f o r the McMurdo Sound area may represent most of the Pleistocene epoch, or i t may be equivalent to only the Wisconsin stage of the North American chronology. I t i s f e l t that t h i s l a t t e r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s u n l i k e l y , however, because even i f the r a t e of wind erosion and moraine m o d i f i c a t i o n i n general were twice as rapid as the r e s t of the world, the oldest g l a c i a l d r i f t i s at least pre-Sangamon i n age.
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GLACIOLOGY Suggested o r i g i n of the polygons and sand wedges i s s i m i l a r to the o r i g i n of f o l i a t e d i c e wedges and polygons i n the A r c t i c . Periodic c o n t r a c t i o n cracks i n the per e n n i a l l y frozen ground around McMurdo Sound, cracks produced by the great change i n temperature from summer to w i n t e r , are gradually f i l l e d w i t h clean sand which f i l t e r s down from above i n the spring and summer.
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GLACIOLOGY as 17 miles i n l a n d . The carcasses i n each group were spaced 10 to 100 feet apart.
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GLACIOLOGY "M u l t i p l e G l a c i a t i o n i n the McMurdo Sound Region, A n t a r c t i c a .
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GLACIOLOGY "G l a c i a l H i s t o r y of the McMurdo Sound Region, A n t a r c t i c a .
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GLACIOLOGY Special A n t a r c t i c Project C - Radiation Studies at L i t t l e America and the South Pole.
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GLACIOLOGY 15 knots the snow st a r t e d to blow and r a d i a t i o n measurements had to be discontinued. Despite the r e s t r i c t i o n s mentioned and although the cloudiness i n 1957 i n L i t t l e Ameri c a V was higher than normal, i t was possible to obtain 274 series of r a d i a t i o n measurements on 40 days at L i t t l e America V (67 series on 12 days i n autumn and 207 series on 28 days i n spring and summer)
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GLACIOLOGY January, i s 0.886. Since the values f o r midsummer should be the lowest i n the course of a year, the average albedo f o r the whole l i g h t season on the high inl a n d i c e w i l l be close to 0.90.
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GLACIOLOGY H.C. Hoinkes" "Studies m G l a c i a l Meteorology at L i t t l e America V A n t a r t i c a , 1957." X I I Gen.
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GLACIOLOGY Special A n t a r c t i c Project D - A n t a r c t i c B i o l o g i c a l Studies 1. Objectives.
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GLACIOLOGY was the almost t o t a l lack of r u n - o f f from the numerous and large v a l l e y g l a c i e r s on both w a l l s of the Dry Valley. Most of the water f o r cooking was obtained by melting g l a c i e r i c e , and water had t o be c a r r i e d when working away from camp.
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GLACIOLOGY break-up of the sea i c e . The Weddell's h a b i t a t i s on or under the f a s t i c e , the species i s adept at l o c a t i n g new t i d a l cracks and has teeth which are used to keep t h i n ice holes open.
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GLACIOLOGY nitrogen and phosphates. Elsewhere i n polar regions, the orange l i c h e n genus Caloplaca I S normally associated w i t h guano since i t responds favorably to n i t r o p h i l o u s ecologic a l conditions.
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GIACIOLOGY occurrence of i c e - f r e e land and the Marginal Climatic region. I n t e r i o r climate i s one of lower temperatures, decreasing w i t h e l e v a t i o n .
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GLACIOLOGY Bibliography.
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GLACIOLOGY Contributed Project - Description and Variations of Glaciers i n the United States Exclusive of Alaska 1. Obiectives.
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GLACIOLOGY Figure 13. Glaciers i n Western United States Studies During IGY: 1.
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GLACIOLOGY Figure 14. D i s t r i b u t i o n of Net Budget Values i n Meters of Water Equivalent f o r the Budget Year 1957-58, South Cascade Glacier, Washington.
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GLACIOLOGY hand, was s l i g h t l y favorable f o r the growth of g l a c i e r s but there i s no i n d i c a t i o n from these observations that a cycle of generally advancing g l a c i e r s has resumed.
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GLACIOLOGY Contributed Project - Mt. Chamberlin-Barter I s l a n d G l a c i o l o g i c a l Observations, Alaska 1.
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GLACIOLOGY Glacier regime w i l l be d i f f i c u l t , i n p a r t owing to the l o c a t i o n of the f i r n l i m i t h igh on the back slopes of the cirque, which are subject to avalanching. I t appears, however, that even though the climate of t h i s part of the Brooks Range may be l a r g e l y determined by topography i t would be worthwhile t o r e l a t e the observed meteorlogical conditions to large-scale c i r c u l a t o r y features of the atmosphere.
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GLACIOLOGY b. Published Papers.
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GLACIOLOGY Contributed Project - Juneau Ice F i e l d Research Project 1. Obiectives.
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GLACIOLOGY Measurements of previous seasonal budgets are f e l t to be less accurate but are considered t o be a good approximation. For 1953-54, there was a d e f i c i t of 3.8 x lO^m^; f o r 1954-55 there was a gain of 12.6 x lO^m^, f o r 1955-56 there was a d e f i c i t of 9.3 X lO^m^, the highest loss observed i n the period of study.
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GLACIOLOGY LEMON CREEK GLACIER S Y S T E M -- 9Z9Eighteenth Century Maxim Basal peat in muskeg dated 10,300^600 BP LEGEND Eighteenth Century position Position dated from tree ages and photographs Approximate position Boundary of glacier 1957-1958 Direction of flow -- - Divide of flow • 2Km I I I I I 58°21'6"N Figure 15. Map of Lemon Creek Glacier system showing p o s i t i o n s of the g l a c i e r margin between the mid-eighteenth century and 1957-1958.
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GLACIOLOGY Juneau Ice F i e l d Research P r o j e c t , 1957. Semi-Annual Status Report 1957.
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GLACIOLOGY Contributed P r o j e c t - G l a c i o l o g i c a l Studies at L i t t l e America and the Skelton Glacier 1. Objectives.
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GLACIOLOGY 4. Bibliography a.
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GLACIOLOGY StOBIiNL i \ ELEVATION DEPOT Figure 17. Skelton Glacier and neighboring areas.
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