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Pages 8-19

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From page 8...
... 8 Literature Review Headway-Based Service Introduction Headway-based service is a form of bus operation where the main objective is to maintain the headways between buses. This objective can be formulated in different ways.
From page 9...
... Literature Review 9   the modeling of Fonzone et al.
From page 10...
... 10 Intelligent Transportation Systems in Headway-Based Bus Service Bunching affects reliability, which passengers are known to value (Chang et al.
From page 11...
... Literature Review 11   incentives are used by LTA in Singapore (LTA 2014) , Transport for London, and Transantiago in Santiago, Chile (Transport for London 2012)
From page 12...
... 12 Intelligent Transportation Systems in Headway-Based Bus Service Control Approaches Control approaches may try to hold buses to maintain a target headway, or try to equalize headways in general without a specific objective. Adamski and Turnau (1998)
From page 13...
... Literature Review 13   for an electric bus fleet where the return time to the depot is treated as a hard constraint to maintain the vehicle charging schedule. Real-time holding has also been studied in rail operations (O'Dell and Wilson 1999; Ding and Chien 2001; Eberlein et al.
From page 14...
... 14 Intelligent Transportation Systems in Headway-Based Bus Service Zhang and Lo (2018) simulated the time for a route controlled by holding to stabilize after a bus is inserted or removed.
From page 15...
... Literature Review 15   Queue jump lanes, typically provided at signalized intersections, allow buses to depart first when a signal turns green and can provide some of the benefits of exclusive lanes at a much lower cost (Chang et al.
From page 16...
... 16 Intelligent Transportation Systems in Headway-Based Bus Service Intelligent Transportation Systems Technologies Introduction ITS is a broad category. This subsection introduces those ITS technologies that have existing or proposed applications to HBS.
From page 17...
... Literature Review 17   Smartphone apps are increasingly common. Some agencies make their data available to thirdparty app developers, while others develop and maintain their own apps.
From page 18...
... 18 Intelligent Transportation Systems in Headway-Based Bus Service and APC data to analyze running time and headway deviation (El-Geneidy et  al.
From page 19...
... Literature Review 19   20-minute headways, respectively, which results in a 4- to 6-minute scheduled headway on the common corridor. The field trial installed consumer Android tablets in the driver cabins, which were used to display holding times and cruising speed guidance (with colored bars)

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