The Science of Implicit Bias: Implications for Law and Policy Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief (2021) / Chapter Skim
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The Science of Implicit Bias: Implications for Law and Policy Proceedings of a Workshop in Brief
The Science of Implicit Bias: Implications for Law and Policy Proceedings of a Workshop in Brief
Pages 1-13
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From page 1... ...
Liu mentioned recent unrest, particularly following the killing of George Floyd, and said that we are not beyond explicit bias and old-fashioned racism: "bias is our inheritance of history." He ended by invoking William Faulkner, who wrote that "the past is never dead. It is not even past." Planning committee co-chair Camara Jones (Morehouse School of Medicine)
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She noted that one of the strongest negative associations is between Black people and crime. Eberhardt described a study in which even subconscious exposure to Black faces made it easier for subjects to identify a blurry image of a weapon.6 This association is reinforced by the fact that Black people make up a disproportionate percentage of the prison population and that Black defendants are more likely to get the death penalty than their white counterparts.
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For example, - Jennifer Eberhardt the Nextdoor social networking site successfully reduced racial profiling by requiring users to go through a checklist to ensure that they were not reporting suspicious activity based solely on race. The Oakland Police Department decreased the number of vehicle stops by requiring police to answer simple questions about the purpose of the stop.
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IAT scores reflect a range of implicit biases, including toward people that are white, thin, abled, straight, have lighter skin, and are cisgendered.14 IAT results indicate that a higher percentage of white test-takers than Black test-takers show implicit bias against Black faces. Ratliff also discussed ways that people talk about implicit bias, including as a latent construct (i.e., a hidden force in people's minds that can only be inferred by indirect measures)
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Mason also referred to studies that seek to reduce discriminatory behavior. One study found that giving teachers the IAT and alerting them to their biases against immigrants reduced discrepancies in their grading between immigrant and non-immigrant students for similar performance, at least in the short term.22 Another study found that an organization's use of the Rooney Rule, a simple form of affirmative action,23 increased the quality of the applicant pool and decreased bias.24 DISCUSSION Session moderator and planning committee member Sheryl Heron (Emory University School of Medicine)
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states with the largest number of Google searches for racial slurs show implicit racial biases as measured by IATs;31 and cities that show implicit associations between Black people and guns have a larger disparity in the use of force by police.32 He also described a study that found that counties and states in the U.S. that were the most dependent on slavery in 1860 showed the highest levels of implicit bias today, as measured by IAT scores of individuals in those places.33 Payne argued that implicit biases reveal more about a person's context than it does about the individual.
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She noted that biases extend even to pre-school aged children, where teachers are more likely to choose disciplinary action over nurturing responses for Black girls than for white girls. Liu asked if perceptions of Black girls vary based on the level of segregation in a school or by the race of the teachers.
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spoke about a study on racial disparity in the rate at which Los Angeles Police Department officers arrested those stopped during stop and frisk encounters. The study found that police were more likely to arrest Black people, even after controlling for neighborhood racial demographics and criminality.36 Although individual police officers varied widely in how likely they were to arrest Black people than white people, Ayres postulated that it might be useful to determine if these behaviors correlated with IAT scores.
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He recounted key points from the workshop that resonated in his own work: implicit bias effects are small, but cumulative; biases are caught, not taught; associations between Black people and crime are especially pernicious; changing biases at the individual level is not enough; and inter-group contact is the best hope for a meaningful reduction in bias. He then described a quasi-randomized study that assessed the value of implicit bias training in the New York Police Department and found no effect of the training on police behaviors.41 Glaser described studies on the role of discretion in racially disparate outcomes in policing, including a study in California that showed that police searches conducted with high levels of discretion showed increased disparities between Black and white subjects.42 He also pointed to studies that showed that decreasing the level of discretion decreased racial disparities, including a study where a policy change for U.S.
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He called upon the audience to acknowledge that we live in a post-genocide country, after the mass killings and displacement of indigenous people. The true evil of slavery, Stevenson said, was the narrative we used to justify it; that Black people were inferior and not deserving of the same consideration as white people.
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. Diana Dunn provided a definition of race: "Race is a specious classification of humans created by Europeans or whites to assign human worth and social status, using himself as the model of humanity and the height of human achievement, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining privilege and power." Dunn noted that when white people struggle, we change structures, but when Black people struggle, we give them programs.
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Concrete interventions focused on systemic and structural issues made the difference between good and bad implicit bias training, she said, and consumers of such training should push implicit bias training programs to speak to these systemic and structural issues. Sheryl Heron referred to her professional career both as an emergency physician, where she worked to stop the bleeding, and as a public health practitioner, where she focuses on prevention.
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From page 13... ...
The statements made are those of the individual workshop participants and do not necessarily represent the views of all participants, the planning committee, the Committee on Science, Technology, and Law, or the National Academies. REVIEWERS: To ensure that it meets institutional standards for quality and objectivity, this Proceedings of a Workshop -- in Brief was reviewed by Jordan Axt, McGill University; Susan Fiske, Princeton University; Tanya Hernandez, Fordham University; and David Tatel, U.S.
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