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From page 4... ... v Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................1 1.2 Research Objective and Scope ............................................................................2 1.3 Research Approach ..............................................................................................2 1.4 Organization of This Report ................................................................................3 Chapter 2. Literature and Current Practice Review .........................................................................4 2.1 Safety Effects of Geometric Design Features .....................................................4 2.2 Traffic Operational Effects of Geometric Design Features .................................5 2.3 Pavement Resurfacing Effects .............................................................................6 2.4 Cost-Effectiveness/Benefit–cost Tools ...............................................................6 2.5 Tort Liability Considerations ..............................................................................9 Chapter 3. Highway Agency Survey Results ................................................................................10 3.1 Survey Objectives ..............................................................................................10 3.2 Survey Response Rate and Type of Respondents .............................................10 3.3 Highway Agency 3R Design Policies and Criteria ...........................................11 3.4 Identification of the Need for 3R Projects .........................................................12 3.5 Consideration of Crash History in Design of 3R Projects .................................12 3.6 Inclusion of Safety Improvements in 3R Projects .............................................16 3.7 Crash Frequency and Severity Measures Used in 3R Project Analyses ...........18 3.8 Distinction Between Reconstruction and 3R Projects .......................................18 3.9 Use of the Practical Design Concept .................................................................23 3.10 Use of TRB Special Report 214 Design Guidelines .........................................25 3.11 Use of Analytical Tools in 3R Design Decisions ..............................................26 3.12 Need for Benefit–cost Analysis Tools ...............................................................26 Chapter 4. Current Highway Agency 3R Design Guidelines ........................................................28 4.1 3R Design Guidelines in TRB Special Report 214 ...........................................28 4.2 Highway Agency 3R Design Criteria Review ..................................................32 4.3 Evolving Design Approaches ............................................................................33 Chapter 5. Crash Reduction Effectiveness of Specific Design Improvement Types ....................34 5.1 Quantifying Crash Reduction Effectiveness of 3R Improvements: Crash Modification Factors ........................................................................................34 5.2 Crash Modification Factors for Specific 3R Improvement Types ....................38 Read the entire page →
From page 5... ... vi Chapter 6. 3R Improvement Implementation Costs ......................................................................60 6.1 Lane Width ........................................................................................................60 6.2 Shoulder Width ..................................................................................................60 6.3 Paving an Existing Unpaved Shoulder ..............................................................61 6.4 Roadside Slope ..................................................................................................61 6.5 Superelevation Improvement/Restoration on Horizontal Curves .....................61 6.6 Rumble Strips ....................................................................................................61 6.7 Passing Lanes ....................................................................................................61 6.8 Median and Roadside Barriers on Freeways .....................................................62 6.9 Right-of-Way .....................................................................................................62 6.10 Incidental Costs .................................................................................................62 Chapter 7. Application of Benefit–cost Analysis for 3R Projects .................................................63 7.1 Elements of Benefit–cost Analysis ....................................................................63 7.2 Computational Examples of Benefit–cost Analysis ..........................................72 7.3 Interpreting Benefit–cost Analysis Results .......................................................77 7.4 Using Benefit–cost Analysis to Establish Minimum AADT Guidelines for 3R Improvements ....................................................................................................81 7.5 Specific Benefit–cost Analysis Applications for 3R Project Design Descriptions .......................................................................................................85 7.6 Alternative Approaches to Presenting Design Guidelines ................................87 7.7 Investing Available 3R Funds for Maximum Reduction of Crash Frequency and Severity .......................................................................................................90 Chapter 8. Spreadsheet Tools to Perform Benefit–cost Analysis for 3R Improvement Alternatives ..................................................................................................................94 8.1 Spreadsheet Tool 1 -- Benefit–cost Analysis for a Single Design Alternative .........................................................................................................94 8.2 Spreadsheet Tool 2 -- Benefit–cost Analysis for Comparison of Several Design Alternatives ..............................................................................96 Chapter 9. Development of Design Guidelines for 3R Projects ....................................................99 9.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................99 9.2 Scope of Guidelines .........................................................................................100 9.3 How Does the Design Process for 3R Projects Differ from the Design Process for New Construction and Reconstruction Projects? Read the entire page →
From page 6... ... vii Appendices Appendix A -- 3R Project Implementation Cost Estimation Procedures Appendix B -- Survey Questionnaire Appendix C -- Updated Crash Cost Estimates Note: The contractor's report published here is associated with NCHRP Research Report 876: Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects. Read the entire page →
From page 7... ... viii Figures Figure 1. Example of Safety Performance Function for Undivided Roadway Segments on Rural Multilane Highways ....................................................................37 Figure 2. Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... ix Table 23. Usable Bridge Width Criteria for Bridge Replacement from TRB Special Report 214 ....................................................................................................................31 Table 24. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... x Table 57. Example of AADT Levels at which Lane Widening Becomes Cost-Effective\| Rural Two-Lane Highway Segments Assuming 2-ft Paved Shoulders, 1V:3H Roadside Foreslopes, and Moderate Horizontal Curvature .........................................86 Table 58. Read the entire page →

From page 4...

... v Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................1 1.2 Research Objective and Scope ............................................................................2 1.3 Research Approach ..............................................................................................2 1.4 Organization of This Report ................................................................................3 Chapter 2. Literature and Current Practice Review .........................................................................4 2.1 Safety Effects of Geometric Design Features .....................................................4 2.2 Traffic Operational Effects of Geometric Design Features .................................5 2.3 Pavement Resurfacing Effects .............................................................................6 2.4 Cost-Effectiveness/Benefit–cost Tools ...............................................................6 2.5 Tort Liability Considerations ..............................................................................9 Chapter 3. Highway Agency Survey Results ................................................................................10 3.1 Survey Objectives ..............................................................................................10 3.2 Survey Response Rate and Type of Respondents .............................................10 3.3 Highway Agency 3R Design Policies and Criteria ...........................................11 3.4 Identification of the Need for 3R Projects .........................................................12 3.5 Consideration of Crash History in Design of 3R Projects .................................12 3.6 Inclusion of Safety Improvements in 3R Projects .............................................16 3.7 Crash Frequency and Severity Measures Used in 3R Project Analyses ...........18 3.8 Distinction Between Reconstruction and 3R Projects .......................................18 3.9 Use of the Practical Design Concept .................................................................23 3.10 Use of TRB Special Report 214 Design Guidelines .........................................25 3.11 Use of Analytical Tools in 3R Design Decisions ..............................................26 3.12 Need for Benefit–cost Analysis Tools ...............................................................26 Chapter 4. Current Highway Agency 3R Design Guidelines ........................................................28 4.1 3R Design Guidelines in TRB Special Report 214 ...........................................28 4.2 Highway Agency 3R Design Criteria Review ..................................................32 4.3 Evolving Design Approaches ............................................................................33 Chapter 5. Crash Reduction Effectiveness of Specific Design Improvement Types ....................34 5.1 Quantifying Crash Reduction Effectiveness of 3R Improvements: Crash Modification Factors ........................................................................................34 5.2 Crash Modification Factors for Specific 3R Improvement Types ....................38

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From page 5...

... vi Chapter 6. 3R Improvement Implementation Costs ......................................................................60 6.1 Lane Width ........................................................................................................60 6.2 Shoulder Width ..................................................................................................60 6.3 Paving an Existing Unpaved Shoulder ..............................................................61 6.4 Roadside Slope ..................................................................................................61 6.5 Superelevation Improvement/Restoration on Horizontal Curves .....................61 6.6 Rumble Strips ....................................................................................................61 6.7 Passing Lanes ....................................................................................................61 6.8 Median and Roadside Barriers on Freeways .....................................................62 6.9 Right-of-Way .....................................................................................................62 6.10 Incidental Costs .................................................................................................62 Chapter 7. Application of Benefit–cost Analysis for 3R Projects .................................................63 7.1 Elements of Benefit–cost Analysis ....................................................................63 7.2 Computational Examples of Benefit–cost Analysis ..........................................72 7.3 Interpreting Benefit–cost Analysis Results .......................................................77 7.4 Using Benefit–cost Analysis to Establish Minimum AADT Guidelines for 3R Improvements ....................................................................................................81 7.5 Specific Benefit–cost Analysis Applications for 3R Project Design Descriptions .......................................................................................................85 7.6 Alternative Approaches to Presenting Design Guidelines ................................87 7.7 Investing Available 3R Funds for Maximum Reduction of Crash Frequency and Severity .......................................................................................................90 Chapter 8. Spreadsheet Tools to Perform Benefit–cost Analysis for 3R Improvement Alternatives ..................................................................................................................94 8.1 Spreadsheet Tool 1 -- Benefit–cost Analysis for a Single Design Alternative .........................................................................................................94 8.2 Spreadsheet Tool 2 -- Benefit–cost Analysis for Comparison of Several Design Alternatives ..............................................................................96 Chapter 9. Development of Design Guidelines for 3R Projects ....................................................99 9.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................99 9.2 Scope of Guidelines .........................................................................................100 9.3 How Does the Design Process for 3R Projects Differ from the Design Process for New Construction and Reconstruction Projects?

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From page 6...

... vii Appendices Appendix A -- 3R Project Implementation Cost Estimation Procedures Appendix B -- Survey Questionnaire Appendix C -- Updated Crash Cost Estimates Note: The contractor's report published here is associated with NCHRP Research Report 876: Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects.

Read the entire page →

From page 7...

... viii Figures Figure 1. Example of Safety Performance Function for Undivided Roadway Segments on Rural Multilane Highways ....................................................................37 Figure 2.

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From page 8...

... ix Table 23. Usable Bridge Width Criteria for Bridge Replacement from TRB Special Report 214 ....................................................................................................................31 Table 24.

Read the entire page →

From page 9...

... x Table 57. Example of AADT Levels at which Lane Widening Becomes Cost-Effective| Rural Two-Lane Highway Segments Assuming 2-ft Paved Shoulders, 1V:3H Roadside Foreslopes, and Moderate Horizontal Curvature .........................................86 Table 58.

Read the entire page →

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