Mitigation of Weldment Cracking in Steel Highway Structures Due to the Galvanizing Process (2021) / Chapter Skim
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54 Description of Parametric Study Thermal-mechanical analysis of HMIPs was performed to evaluate the effect of structural configuration on nonlinear stresses and strains occurring during the HDG process. FE models were created for these HMIPs using the commercial FE software Abaqus (Simulia, 2018)
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Computational Simulations -- High Mast Illumination Poles 55 between the pole and the base plates were simulated as surface contact interactions that transferred compression between the two faying surfaces. Parameters studied were pole shape (circular or multisided)
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56 Mitigation of Weldment Cracking in Steel Highway Structures Due to the Galvanizing Process base and weld metals as adopted by other researchers (Chang et al., 2009; Chang & Lee, 2009; Ma et al., 1995; Siddique et al., 2005; Teng et al., 2001) ; the properties at RT for the Grade 50 steel material assumed in these models are listed in Table 5-3.
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Computational Simulations -- High Mast Illumination Poles 57 schematically in Figure 5-2)
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58 Mitigation of Weldment Cracking in Steel Highway Structures Due to the Galvanizing Process Dipping angle and immersion/extraction speeds vary significantly in practice; 8° and 13 millimeters/sec (0.5 in./sec) were adopted for all the simulations.
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Computational Simulations -- High Mast Illumination Poles 59 level of the surface of the zinc bath, where the temperature difference between the immersed region of the pole and the region outside of the bath was the largest. Stresses were significantly lower during extraction because a much slower rate of temperature change in steel occurs as the specimen is removed from the bath than that which occurs when it is immersed.
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60 Mitigation of Weldment Cracking in Steel Highway Structures Due to the Galvanizing Process If damage accumulates as indicated by the PEEQ values, it is likely that the weldment is first affected during the dipping stage such that measurable cracks form during extraction due to the additional inelastic deformations. Also, PEEQ values indicate that reductions in base plate thickness and the use of round-shaped poles are likely to reduce damage during galvanizing.
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Computational Simulations -- High Mast Illumination Poles 61 The figure shows that the maximum PEEQ values increased nearly linearly as base plate thickness increased, but the stress measures (maximum principal stress and von Mises stress) were not influenced by changes in base plate thickness.
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From page 62... ...
62 Mitigation of Weldment Cracking in Steel Highway Structures Due to the Galvanizing Process The effect of pole thickness and number of sides on the accumulated plastic strain was investigated. The maximum PEEQ values over the galvanizing time-history were extracted from both the inner and outer surfaces.
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From page 63... ...
Computational Simulations -- High Mast Illumination Poles 63 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 PE EQ , µ ε Base Plate-to-Pole Thickness Ratio 5/16 in.
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From page 64... ...
64 Mitigation of Weldment Cracking in Steel Highway Structures Due to the Galvanizing Process 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 8 10 12 8 10 12 R ou nd R ou nd 12 12 12 12 12 12 8 8 10 10 12 12 R ou nd R ou nd 12 12 PE EQ ,μ ε Number of Sides (above) and Base Plate-to-Pole Thickness Ratio (below)
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