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Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Hypotheses, Methodologies, and Detailed City-by-City Results (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 262-263

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From page 262...
... F-1 Appendix F: Modeling Framework for Temporal Dynamics The demand for transportation is derived from the utility of accessing destinations. This utility, which cannot be measured with the data available, creates unobserved heterogeneity in cross- sectional models of ridership (Berrebi et al., 2020)
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From page 263...
... F-2 Equation F-1 𝐸𝐸�𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�π‘₯π‘₯𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛽𝛽𝑝𝑝 βˆ— (π‘ƒπ‘ƒπ‘œπ‘œπ‘œπ‘œπ‘–π‘–π‘–π‘– + π½π½π‘œπ‘œπ½π½π‘–π‘–π‘–π‘–) 𝛽𝛽1 βˆ— 𝑒𝑒𝛼𝛼𝑙𝑙𝑝𝑝 βˆ— π‘’π‘’πœ‡πœ‡π‘π‘π‘™π‘™ Unlike transit agencies, for whom operating costs grow proportionally to frequency, passengers perceive the inverse of frequency, i.e., the headway, as a cost.
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