Developing a Systematic Approach for Determining Construction Contract Time (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 98-118
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98 Appendix B Scheduling Methods for PDE Bar Charts/Gantt Charts A bar chart is used to represent a project schedule.
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99 The advantages of bar charts are that they are simple to develop and easy to understand. The visual proportionality between bar length and activity duration not only appeals to scheduling practitioners but also to site personnel such as superintendents, foremen, and laborers (FHWA 2002; FLH 2009)
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100 Figure B-2. Calculation process of CPM (Newitt 2009)
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101 employing what-if analysis, which helps the project management team to select the scenario that provides the optimum project performance (Newitt 2009)
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102 Extended Applications of CPM Two scheduling applications that take advantage of the CPM schedule are discussed in this section. They are: • Last Planner® System of Production Control.
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103 down approach in which resource-loaded schedules may not support the planning and execution of work at the field level -- such as various conditions (e.g., equipment availability, material delivery status, prerequisite work, shop drawing approval status) for performing the upcoming work.
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104 • "Develop a 3D model of a building using a design authoring software such as Autodesk's Revit to create intelligent objects and appropriate groupings of construction components. • Develop a project schedule using compatible software such as MS Project or Primavera P6.
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105 agencies (STAs) , FHWA remains optimistic that this will be the norm in the near future since "most STAs have already established practices for producing designs and schedules that can be incorporated into the process for developing 4D models" (FHWA 2016)
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106 (i.e., more optimistic) by approximately 10 to 30 percent compared to when activity durations are generated assuming triangular, uniform, exponential, and Weibull functions.
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107 and the number of culverts, could increase the accuracy of the model in determining contract times. Czarnigowska and Sobotka (2014)
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108 relationship (Herbsman and Ellis 1995)
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109 and Wang 2012) , leveling resources for linear projects (Tang et al.
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110 Figure B-8. Development process of linear scheduling (adapted from Pierce (2014)
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111 reasons. First, LS is not simple, "especially when dealing with a construction project that is broken down into large number of activities that are bound by numerous and complicated relationships and other constraints" (Arditi et al.
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112 Figure B-9. Development process of an ANN (adapted from Hegazy and Ayed (1998)
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113 (Mustafa et al. 2013; Petroutsatou et al.
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114 Researchers believed that the GA optimization process was essential to achieve the high prediction accuracy (Koo et al.
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115 Figure B-11. Flowchart of the CBR-based preliminary duration estimation (Jin et al.
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116 will typically require retraining and retesting the model, updating a CBR model is much simpler since it can be performed by simply calculating the percentage similarity between the stored cases in the case base, if necessary (Kim et al.
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117 • The critical path calculations are performed for that iteration to determine project duration. • Between 100 and 10,000 runs can be made using different random numbers, each representing a different instance of what might happen.
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118 critical paths, and requirement of independence assumption between all activities (Ersahin et al. 2003; Khamooshi and Cioffi 2013)
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