Influence of Infrastructure Design on Distracted Driving (2022) / Chapter Skim
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17 Chapter 3. Summary of Known Relationships Between Infrastructure Elements and Distraction A literature review was conducted to identify studies that evaluated the relationship between distraction incidents and roadway infrastructure elements.
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18 A law enforcement survey was conducted in Virginia in which officers were asked to provide additional information about distractions when completing crash forms during a 4.5-month period (Glaze and Ellis 2003)
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19 user inattention (e.g., failing to scan at an intersection) accounted for about 29% of cases.
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20 Most studies have focused on static billboards. However, there are strong indications that billboards with dynamic content (Figure 3)
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22 Table 2. Fixation percentage and duration for various types of advertising.
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23 has too many objects to attend to, which may include objects obstructing the driver's view, conspicuous objects that are not necessary to the driving task, and too many driving-related objects. Urban clutter is included in this definition because many of the features and objects that characterize visual clutter are located within the right-of-way (Figure 4)
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24 When too much information is available, the driver may become confused and have an inadequate amount of time to process the available information (Wallace 2003b)
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25 A study by researchers at the University of Calgary used a full-scale driving simulator to study driver perception-reaction time effects for a series of small (15 kilowatt) wind turbines placed near the driving lanes of an urban freeway (Milloy and Caird 2011)
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26 Source: T.W. van Urk, Shutterstock.
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27 De Ceunynck et al.
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28 Researchers have used a number of methods to quantify the relationships between vehicle occupant discomfort and roughness, such as physiological measurements of drivers' heart rate or eye blink rate. This line of research indicates that pavements with poor ride quality result in an increased cognitive workload for the driver.
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29 A notable finding from Misokefalou et al.
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30 The vast majority of the published research on IRDs centers on the effects of billboards. Small outdoor advertisements are mentioned in two studies and appear to have a similar but less intense effect.
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31 and luminance of potential distractors; limitations on dynamic content; and so forth. However, it is likely unfeasible that all roadside distraction sources can be eliminated.
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