Influence of Infrastructure Design on Distracted Driving (2022) / Chapter Skim
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32 Chapter 4. Sources of Data for the Development of Safety Frameworks As noted in Section 1.2, the main objective of this research was to develop Safety Frameworks that could be used by agencies to assess the relationship between distraction and infrastructure elements.
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33 segment.) This allows roadway and roadside characteristics to be determined, such as driveway density, land use, or objects in the right-of-way.
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34 Table 4. Summary of NDS data sets.
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35 Data Set Source Sample Size Source of Distraction Advantages Disadvantages Berkeley DeepDrive 100k University of California– Berkeley • 100,000 40second videos. None available • None noted.
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36 avoid a crash. A conflict is an event that requires an evasive maneuver that is less urgent than that required for a NC but more urgent than the maneuvers required for normal driving.
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37 vehicle and traffic data using vehicles equipped with vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-toinfrastructure communication devices. Dedicated short-range communication equipment communicated basic safety messages such as speed, location, and direction at a specified frequency.
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38 Relevant data collection variables included lateral position, lane line types, road shoulder width, roadway curvature, and lane position. Lateral position was measured as the offset between the estimated lane center and the center of the vehicle.
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39 driving were recorded. A forward roadway view video was included in the DAS.
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40 The UDRIVE data are ultimately intended to be available to third-party researchers. However, currently no protocol for accessing the data is available for third-party users; access requires partnerships with UDRIVE partners who have access to the data.
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41 The NADS-1 captures hundreds of performance-based variables related to steering wheel position, brake pedal activation, lane position, and so on. The apparatus also has the ability to capture eye glance location using a head-mounted eye tracking system.
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42 As can be seen in Figure 6, these scenarios featured interesting roadside infrastructure such as buildings, billboards, lights, planters, signage, and so on, in addition to other roadway vehicles and vulnerable road users. Figure 6.
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43 4.3 Crash Data Analysis of crash data is a potential method for understanding the factors that contribute to OVD crashes and may be useful in identifying situations where IRD has occurred. This section summarizes crash databases that may be feasible for achieving the objectives of BTS-09 or that can be utilized by researchers who wish to evaluate IRDs.
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44 Data Set Source Sample Size Source of Distraction Advantages Disadvantages ISO Risk Analyzer Environmental Module Verisk ZIP code-level analysis of traffic generators, traffic variables, or other characteristics that may impact crash rate • None. • None noted.
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45 In contrast, neighboring Iowa leads a 15-state coalition that has developed a centralized electronic reporting portal called Traffic and Criminal Software (TraCS)
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46 distractions at all. In addition, FARS does not provide access to crash narratives, so no details are available to determine which external distractions were infrastructure related.
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47 Object, or Event." Since crash narratives are not provided, there is no straightforward way to determine which distractions are infrastructure related. The 2015 GES file includes just under 100,000 crash-involved "units" (motor vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, or pedestrians)
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48 volume, elevation variation, road classification, and the probability of extreme weather. Analysis is carried out at the ZIP code level.
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49 Table 6. Summary of roadway and infrastructure data sets.
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50 Data Set Source Key Items Advantages Disadvantages National Bridge Inventory -- National Geospatial Data Asset Bridges Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) • Bridges on public highways.
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51 could be used both with the SHPR2 NDS data as well as crash data in the study states to evaluate IRD. 4.4.2 Agency Roadway Inventories Many states and localities have prepared geospatial inventories of their major assets and maintain a roadway inventory database.
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52 OpenStreetMap also includes an outdoor advertising devices data set. Coded devices include billboards, outdoor store displays such as gas station signs (Figure 8)
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53 The highway data sets in OpenStreetMap provide information about various roadway infrastructure attributes, such as number of lanes and whether a highway is divided or undivided. However, much of the roadway data are of lesser quality than what can be obtained from state transportation agency databases.
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54 and whether the billboard is illuminated (Lamar Advertising Company 2020)
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55 This data set provides a rich source for a specific data element. Although there are disadvantages to using these data, it is anticipated that these data can be a rich source of information about bridges that can be used to assess any relationships between bridge structures and distraction.
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56 Source: © 2020 Google. Figure 11.
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57 Source: © 2020 Google. Figure 12.
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