Laying the Foundation for New and Advanced Nuclear Reactors in the United States (2023) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
10 Nuclear Exports and International Competition
10 Nuclear Exports and International Competition
Pages 170-186
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 170... ...
1 The IAEA has initiated an effort in which the Energy Communities Alliance is also engaged (with support from DOE's Office of Environ mental Management) on establishing global connections between local jurisdictions and cities considering expansion of or into the advanced reactor market, encouraging "interaction between less experienced and more experienced local communities and organizations, which would contribute to improving communication among authorities, regulatory bodies, and operators." See International Atomic Energy Agency, 2023, "Technical Meeting for Municipalities with Nuclear Facilities," https://www.iaea.org/events/evt2101964.
|
From page 171... ...
Consideration of safety, security and safeguards during the design process outlined in Chapter 9 will not change the fact that vendors will also need to operate within existing global governance frameworks. As of 2022, international governance instruments for civilian nuclear safeguards, safety and security do not distinguish between existing and advanced nuclear reactor types (see Table 10-1)
|
From page 172... ...
. Later, Grossi and IAEA inspectors visited the plant and two inspectors have remained in place.c _______ a The Russian large-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, even if it will not produce immediate change in the international instruments that govern nuclear technology, had at least one clear lesson for the nuclear community: nuclear facilities, from power facilities to research reactors, in war zones should not be subject to military attack.
|
From page 173... ...
government and IAEA initiatives to address these issues before concluding with findings and recommendations. NUCLEAR COOPERATION AGREEMENTS AND NUCLEAR EXPORT CONTROLS The export of civilian nuclear reactors and nuclear technology between countries is allowed under the broad framework established by Nuclear Cooperation Agreements (NCAs)
|
From page 174... ...
provide a framework for developing cooperative relationships with the United States on civil nuclear issues. For example, NCMOUs can allow the United States to assist its potential future nuclear trading partners, especially newcomer countries, in building their nuclear infrastructure and lay the foundation for and develop future civilian nuclear cooperation, Nuclear Regulatory Department of Commission Department of Energy Commerce Special nuclear Technology that can material (SNM)
|
From page 175... ...
tangible nuclear items nuclear equipment and NRC w/input from ~months to more than licenses materials, nuclear reactors DOE, Commerce, DoD a yeara and components of reactors, etc. Export Administration dual-use items: turbines, generators, Commerce consensus 90 calendar days Regulations (EAR)
|
From page 176... ...
in anticipation of applications for export licenses for advanced reactors.18 In a review of five reactor types and 14 designs the NRC believed most likely to be the basis for export license applications in the next decade, the AREWG concluded that the existing Part 110 process could license relevant materials and components with only some clarifications, such as the use of molten salt as a coolant.19 The NRC, however, intends to continue to review the regulations and practices. Moreover, the AREWG's mandate did not specifically include a focus on safeguards 11 Nuclear technical assistance is also referred to as "intangible nuclear technology," which can include blueprints or other physical documents or those in digital form, and includes training, sharing of knowledge, expertise, and certain software.
|
From page 177... ...
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Preparations for the Export of Advanced Reactors," https://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/ip/export-import/us-nrc-prep-export-advanced-reactors.html. 21 Bureau of Industry and Security, 2020, "Commerce Control List (CCL)
|
From page 178... ...
export control processes are used to authorize or license nuclear exports: Part 810 (Department of Energy) , Part 110 (Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
|
From page 179... ...
2019) .27 Russia also has had at least two dozen entities working on advanced reactors, including molten salt reactor, liquid metal-cooled fast reactor, HTGR, and SMR designs, and offers other new power reactor options, such as floating NPPs (Allen and Milko 2017; World Nuclear News 2021)
|
From page 180... ...
. China not only has the most expansive current plans for domestic nuclear power reactor construction, but it has also made civil nuclear cooperation an integral part of its Belt & Road Initiative (Lin et al.
|
From page 181... ...
The GIF currently has 11 active member countries (plus EURATOM) , a Senior Industry Advisory Panel, and five "external collaborators, i.e., the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, the IAEA, the Multinational Design Evaluation Program, the World Nuclear Association, and the International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation IFNEC)
|
From page 182... ...
Loan Guarantees: This is a more traditional form of international nuclear development financing, especially in government managed or tightly regulated energy markets.
|
From page 183... ...
advanced reactors in the international marketplace, which could limit the opportunities to build successful partnerships that the United States has used effectively to promote U.S. national security and global nuclear safety, security, and safeguards.
|
From page 184... ...
: NNSA supports collaborative efforts with operators, designers, and other stakeholders to improve proliferation resistance and optimization strategies for individual facility designs. 33 Department of State, 2022, "Joint Statement on the New Clean Energy and Nuclear Security Collaboration Under the Foundational Infrastructure for Responsible Use of Small Modular Reactor Technology (FIRST)
|
From page 185... ...
. Finding and Recommendation Finding 10-6: Increasing harmonization in developing and interpreting international nuclear export control guidelines as they apply to advanced reactors by nuclear suppliers will help equalize regulatory requirements facing U.S.
|
From page 186... ...
NRCRIC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Information Conference)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.