Carbon Dioxide Utilization Markets and Infrastructure Status and Opportunities: A First Report (2023) / Chapter Skim
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6 Priority Infrastructure Opportunities for CO2 Utilization
6 Priority Infrastructure Opportunities for CO2 Utilization
Pages 129-136
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From page 129... ...
The chapter begins by describing options for CO2 utilization infrastructure funding based on current policy and regulatory regimes, and considering successful examples in related industries. It then examines near-term opportunities for CO2 utilization infrastructure investments, as well as near-term actions to enable longer-term deployment options.
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From page 130... ...
Moreover, a procurement mechanism using a take-or-pay contract mechanism set at a sufficient price would guarantee the revenue irrespective of market fluctuations, thereby lowering the cost of capital associated with the project, since the probability of capital repayment is enhanced. Liquefied natural gas terminal project development uses this type of contracting mechanism.
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From page 131... ...
If synthetic natural gas is the CO2 utilization product, then existing natural gas pipelines can be used for product transportation. The current market for bioethanol production is blending with gasoline for liquid transportation fuels.
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From page 132... ...
Optimization of enabling infrastructure is a function of the scale of the manufacturing plant, and there are requirements for constant operation and capacity factor in meeting target economics. Given the large amounts of electricity and/ or hydrogen required to upgrade CO2 to hydrocarbon products, co-locating hydrogen generation with the manufacturing plant utilizing CO2 as feedstock may be desirable.
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From page 133... ...
Carbon dioxide capture and transportation infrastructure for sequestration also may serve utilization projects, depending on the type, purity, and location of the CO2 source; the utilization product; and the other energy and feedstock requirements. For example, fossil CO2 sources are only sustainable in a net-zero future for utilization into durable products, for example, concrete, aggregates, and carbon fiber, unless utilization into a short-lived product is paired with a separate, verifiable negative-emissions process (e.g., direct air capture plus storage)
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From page 134... ...
Strategic co-location that considers the features of CO2 sources and utilization products can maximize climate benefits and minimize transportation requirements for near-term CO2 utilization opportunities. In particular, CO2 utilization facilities making durable, solid carbon products co-located with fossil, biogenic, or direct air capture CO2 sources near urban demand centers could enable net-zero or net-negative manufacturing of building materials like cement and aggregates while minimizing transport of heavy, high-volume products.
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From page 135... ...
2020. Texas CREZ Lines: How Stakeholders Shape Major Energy Infrastructure Projects.
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