Carbon Dioxide Utilization Markets and Infrastructure Status and Opportunities: A First Report (2023) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction and Scope
1 Introduction and Scope
Pages 7-19
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, the long-term effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on anthropogenic emissions remains uncertain. Some behavioral changes from the COVID-19 pandemic, such as increased remote work and less business travel, could translate to a reduction in GHG emissions.
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. 2 Pathways for removing and sequestering CO directly from the atmosphere, including direct air capture with sequestration, coastal carbon 2 sequestration, and carbon uptake by forests and soils, are detailed in a 2019 National Academies report on Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration (NASEM 2019)
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Retrofitting existing fossil power generation with carbon capture provides another pathway to clean, firm, dispatchable resources to enhance grid reli ability, although the CCUS system requires additional energy. Carbon capture also could advance industrial decarbonization for those processes that cannot be powered with clean electricity or decarbonized heat, or that produce CO2 as a by-product of reaction.
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Discovering, developing, and commercializing CO2 utilization processes and products are important activities for the nation and the world as it transitions to a net-zero economy. In response to this need, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, including the Energy Act of 2020, legislated a mandate for the U.S.
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NOTE: DAC = direct air capture; DOC = direct ocean capture. Per its statement of task, the study will produce two reports, with this first report focusing on the current state of infrastructure for CO2 transportation, use, and storage in the United States, as well as priority opportunities and challenges to develop that infrastructure to enable future CO2 utilization processes and markets in a safe, cost-effective, and environmentally benign manner.
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° Carbon dioxide utilization processes considered in scope include: – Chemical transformation through mineralization of CO2 into materials such as aggregates and concrete; – Production of organic and inorganic commodity and specialty chemicals and materials in chemical systems and facilities; and – Production of organic and inorganic commodity and specialty chemicals and materials in biological engineered systems and facilities. What terms are used to describe carbon dioxide utilization?
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What processes and feedstocks are out of scope but will be discussed in a limited fashion as they interact with and impact carbon utilization systems and markets? • Emissions pathways that are exclusively negative emissions aiming to store CO2 for periods of hundreds or thousands of years or more (see Box 1-3 for description of carbon storage lifetimes)
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1.2.2 Infrastructure for CO2 Capture, Transport, Use, and Storage Infrastructure to enable production and use of carbon-based products in a circular carbon economy includes technologies for CO2 capture, methods to transport CO2 and/or CO2-derived products, facilities and technologies to transform CO2 into useful products, and reservoirs for geologic CO2 storage. CO2 can be captured from point sources such as power plants and industrial facilities, from the atmosphere through direct air capture (DAC)
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CO2 from biogenic sources or captured from the atmosphere Negative emissions or bodies of water Net-zero emissions - and - or carbon removal utilization processes and other capable inputs are net-zero or net- capable negative carbon CO2 from point-source fossil fuel combustion - or Net-zero emissions Net-positive utilization processes and other capable emissions inputs are net-positive carbon FIGURE 1-3-1 Net greenhouse gas emissions implications of carbon source, carbon storage duration in product, and process emissions. Processes are capable of achieving net-zero emissions or negative emissions if they result in long-duration carbon storage in the product and/or if their carbon is sourced from biogenic emissions or captured from air or water.
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Within the context of the existing infrastructure for CCUS and other enabling industries (e.g., hydrogen, clean electricity, and water) , Chapters 4 and 6 present considerations and opportunities for further CO2 utilization infrastructure development.
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The full study statement of task is as follows: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine will convene an ad hoc committee to assess infra structure and research and development needs for carbon utilization, focused on a future where carbon wastes are fundamental participants in a circular carbon economy. In particular, the study will focus on regional and national market opportunities, infrastructure needs, and the research and development needs for technologies that can trans form carbon dioxide and coal waste streams into products that will contribute to a future with zero net carbon emis sions to the atmosphere.
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Update the 2019 National Academies comprehensive research agenda on needs and opportunities for carbon utilization technology RD&D, focusing on needs and opportunities important to commercial izing products that may contribute to a net zero carbon future. The first and second reports will provide guidance to infrastructure funders, planners, and developers and to research sponsors, as well as research communities in academia and industry, regarding key challenges needed to advance the infrastructure, market, science, and engineering required to enable carbon utilization relevant for a circular carbon economy.
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From page 19... ...
2022. "Why Terminology Matters for Success ful Rollout of Carbon Dioxide Utilization Technologies." Frontiers in Climate 4:830660.
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