Carbon Dioxide Utilization Markets and Infrastructure Status and Opportunities: A First Report (2023) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
4 Infrastructure Considerations for CO2 Utilization
4 Infrastructure Considerations for CO2 Utilization
Pages 74-108
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 74... ...
. Per the Global CCS Institute's CO2RE database, as of June 2022, about 60 carbon capture projects are in various stages of development in the United States, only one of which is for direct air capture (DAC)
|
From page 75... ...
Drawing from these publications, Table 4-1 summarizes the maturity of select carbon capture technologies. Today's commercial CCS facilities are deployed at natural gas processing plants, fertilizer plants, bioethanol plants, coal-fired power plants, and hydrogen production facilities, while other applications are under development.
|
From page 76... ...
Membranes • Room-temperature ionic • Polymeric membranes/cryogenic • Polymeric membranes • Natural gas processing liquid membranes separation hybrid • Electrochemical membrane membranes • Catalytic membrane reactor • Polymeric membranes/solvent hybrid integrated with molten • Electrodialysis • Ceramic membrane carbonate fuel cells • Membrane contactors • Zeolite membrane • PEEK membrane Other technologies • Hydrolytic softening • Calcium looping • Chemical combustion looping • Allam-Fetvedt cycle • Calix advanced calciner SOURCES: Data from Concawe (2021)
|
From page 77... ...
TABLE 4-2 RD&D Targets to Improve Carbon Capture Systems CO2 Capture Technology Research Trends for Reducing Carbon Capture Costs Advanced solvents • Fast sorption and desorption kinetics • Lower regeneration energy requirements • Lower degradation rates • Water-lean solvents Sorbents • Low-cost materials with high CO2 adsorption rate and capacity • Fast spent sorbent regeneration rates • Improved durability over multiple regeneration cycles with little to no attrition • Low heats of adsorption • Adequately hydrophobic Membranes • High CO2 permeability and selectivity • Low-cost materials • Improved durability determined by mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and thermal stability • Integration into low-pressure drop modules • Highly hydrophobic Novel concepts • Electrochemical capture • Crystallization • Microwave enhancement SOURCE: Data from National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2020, 2020 Carbon Capture Program R&D: Compendium of Carbon Capture Technology, Pittsburgh: National Energy Technology Laboratory, https://www.netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/Carbon-CaptureTechnology-Compendium-2020.pdf.
|
From page 78... ...
, and particulate matter are likely to decrease because of the additional purification of the flue gas stream required before it enters the capture unit. Most carbon capture technologies are poisoned by sulfur compounds, so flue gas pre-treatment for carbon capture removes SOx in excess of what is scrubbed out during typical flue gas desulfurization in power plants (EEA 2020)
|
From page 79... ...
TABLE 4-3 Overview of Impurity Concentrations of CO2 Streams from Different Illustrative Facility Types Subcritical Pulverized Oxyfuel Bituminous Coal Combustion at (Illinois #6) Plant Supercritical with Post-Combustion Natural Gas with Pulverized Coal Bioethanol Capturea Carbon Capturec Planta,d Cement Planta Refinery Stacka Plante Direct Air Capturef Gas leaving the Gas leaving the Gas leaving the Gas leaving the carbon capture unit carbon capture unit carbon capture unit carbon capture unit Raw CO2 gas Gas leaving the (post combustion with (post combustion with Gas leaving the (post combustion with (post combustion from ethanol capture unit (KOH Component MEAb)
|
From page 80... ...
Hydrogen or Ammonia Acid Neutralization Wells/Geothermal Coal Gasification Phosphate Rock Ethylene Oxide Vinyl Acetate Combustion Impurity Aldehydes ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Amines ü ü Benzene ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Carbon monoxide ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Carbonyl sulfide ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Dimethyl sulfide ü ü ü ü ü ü Ethanol ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Ethers ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Ethyl acetate ü ü ü ü ü ü Ethyl benzene ü ü ü ü ü ü Ethylene oxide ü ü Halocarbons ü ü ü ü ü Hydrogen cyanide ü ü Hydrogen sulfide ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Ketones ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Mercaptans ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Mercury ü ü ü Methanol ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Nitrogen oxides ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Phosphine ü Radon ü ü ü Sulfur dioxide ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Toluene ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Vinyl chloride ü ü ü ü Volatile hydrocarbons ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Xylene ü ü ü ü ü ü ü SOURCE: Adapted from European Industrial Gases Association, 2016, "Carbon Dioxide Food and Beverages Grade, Source Qualification, Quality Standards and Verification," EIGA Doc 70/17, revision of Doc 70/08, https://www.eiga.eu/ct_documents/doc070-pdf.
|
From page 81... ...
Given that no single purity specification would be appropriate for all processes, infrastructure decisions for CO2 transport likely will be based on purity needed for transport, with any further purification performed at the utilization facility if necessary.
|
From page 82... ...
2 Ongoing work, such as the National Energy Technology Laboratory's Carbon Storage Program (NETL 2022) , performs monitoring and verification to ensure long-term CO2 storage.
|
From page 83... ...
, it may be GPI's Carbon and Hydrogen Hubs beneficial to divert some of the CO2 stream for utilization facilities as opposed to transporting it all to long-term geological storage, due to economics, public acceptance, or for learning through piloting and increasing scale of Identified potential carbon and hydrogen hubs GPI has identified 14 hubs across eight regions of the United States. These are by no means exclusive, as industrial emissions occur throughout the country, and carbon removal or direct air capture will need to be deployed wherever beneficial.
|
From page 84... ...
Anthony, 2021, "A Review of Large-Scale CO2 Shipping and Marine Emissions Management for Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage," Applied Energy 287(April) :116510, https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116510.
|
From page 85... ...
Such multipurpose vessels could improve business cases; however, they increase the complexity of the supply chain (e.g., vessel cleaning will be required before the ship is loaded with a different type of product) (Zahid et al.
|
From page 86... ...
An intriguing option to consider is repurposing current liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities for CO2 liquefaction, given the existing and increasing capacity of natural gas liquefaction capacity in the United States.
|
From page 87... ...
It is therefore essential for the transport system designers to understand and formulate how the synergies between the different modes of transportation of CO2 can be used to drive down costs, while taking into account safety and minimizing carbon footprint, in order to accelerate the rollout of CO2 utilization through the development of its supply chain. Low-carbon multimodal transportation path optimization methodologies developed for cargo transport (see, e.g., Zhang et al.
|
From page 88... ...
Furthermore, the density of gaseous CO2 is much lower than that of dense phase CO2, which significantly reduces the transport capacity. 4.3.4 Repurposing Natural Gas Pipelines for Transporting CO2: Opportunities and Challenges In addition to the potential construction of new CO2 pipelines, repurposing existing hydrocarbon pipelines to transport CO2 is being considered as a possible means of reducing surface impacts and capital expenditure costs (Nickel et al.
|
From page 89... ...
CO2 has an unusually high saturation pressure; consequently, CO2 pipelines are more prone to propagating ductile fractures than natural gas pipelines (Mahgerefteh et al.
|
From page 90... ...
Biological processing of CO2 is well suited for a distributed, co-located scale, and in some cases can link directly to a flue gas site or DAC system (Holmgren 2022)
|
From page 91... ...
For solid and liquid products that can leverage existing infrastructure through either co-generation or retrofit, siting at current facilities could be economically advantageous. Synthetic natural gas can be produced at natural gas processing facilities to make use of widespread natural gas pipelines for product transfer.
|
From page 92... ...
4.5.1 Clean Electricity As introduced in Chapter 3, CO2 capture and utilization processes require significant amounts of clean electricity. For example, synthesis of hydrocarbon fuels from CO2 requires about four times more energy than direct use of renewable/clean electricity for a given usage scenario.
|
From page 93... ...
hydrogen production. Centralized production takes advantage of economies of scale but will likely require transportation to move hydrogen from the point of production to the point of consumption.
|
From page 94... ...
These factors also provide a large incentive to co-locate CCU projects with CO2 storage sites and their connecting pipeline infrastructure. However, hydrogen generation from SMR with CCS could result in additional local air pollution depending on the carbon capture technology used, as discussed in Section 4.1.
|
From page 95... ...
especially important consideration for biological CO2 utilization processes that need water for cultivating algae and other microbes. Argonne National Laboratory, with support from DOE's Bioenergy Technology Office and Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management, has developed the Available Water Remaining for the United States (AWARE-US)
|
From page 96... ...
reported that over 85 percent of the green hydrogen capacity in 2040, based on projects planned worldwide as of mid-2021, may need to source water via desalination, which would add to the cost of hydrogen and impose additional demand for clean electricity to keep a low carbon footprint for hydrogen. Increasing deployment of desalination facilities could, on the other hand, decrease local water stress indices by providing communities with water not only for hydrogen production but also for other uses.
|
From page 97... ...
Land-use requirements for renewable energy are also much greater than for fossil Biomass Wind + Sorbent DAC Solar PV + Oil Solvent DAC DAC only Solar PV + Wind + Solvent DAC Sorbent DAC Natural Gas FIGURE 4-7 Estimates of land-use requirements for different methods of hydrocarbon production. Land-use requirements for producing hydrocarbons from CO2 are larger than those for traditional production methods using oil and gas, but smaller than those for fuel production from biomass (based on median power densities for electricity generation from these sources)
|
From page 98... ...
For larger-scale manufacturing, seasonal energy storage in the form of hydrogen stored in salt domes could enable economical hydrocarbon production, but the manufacturing facilities would need to be located at or within a transportable distance from the salt dome, which imposes geographic limitations. An example of this approach is the HyDeal project, which plans to connect green hydrogen production in the Los Angeles basin with salt dome storage in Utah via a dedicated hydrogen pipeline (Green Hydrogen Coalition n.d.)
|
From page 99... ...
Satisfying the purity requirements of all stakeholders across the carbon capture, utilization, and storage value chain, while also prioritizing safety and environmental considerations, is a major challenge. In the United States, purity requirements often are dictated by the midstream transportation company through a contractual obligation, though some impurities that could adversely impact CO2 conversion are not included in such agreements.
|
From page 100... ...
Department of Energy, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, and industry should co fund research to develop rigorous fluid-structure models validated by large-scale field tests to better understand the complex processes leading to propagating brittle fractures in CO2 pipelines, including its typical stream impurities, and provide practical solutions for avoiding them. FINDING 4.8 Repurposing Natural Gas Pipelines for CO2.
|
From page 101... ...
In the near term, CO2 utilization processes requiring water include electrolytic hydrogen production for reaction with CO2, biological CO2 conversion, and process cooling. In the longer term, (photo)
|
From page 102... ...
2019. "Acorn: Developing Full-Chain Industrial Carbon Capture and Storage in a Resource- and Infrastructure-Rich Hydrocarbon Province." Journal of Cleaner Production 233(October)
|
From page 103... ...
2022. "Flue Gas Aerosol Pretreatment Technologies to Minimize PCC Solvent Losses." In 2022 Compendium of Carbon Capture Technologies.
|
From page 104... ...
2022. "What We Know About Three Carbon Capture Pipelines Proposed in Iowa." Des Moines Register April 24.
|
From page 105... ...
2020. Energy Technology Perspectives 2020 – Special Report on Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage: CCUS in Clean Energy Transitions.
|
From page 106... ...
2020. 2020 Carbon Capture Program R&D: Compendium of Carbon Capture Technology.
|
From page 107... ...
2017. "Nitrosamines and Nitramines in Carbon Capture Plants." Envi ronmental Protection and Natural Resources 28(4)
|
From page 108... ...
2017. "A Life Cycle Assessment Case Study of Coal-Fired Electricity Generation with Humidity Swing Direct Air Capture of CO2 Versus MEA-Based Post combustion Capture." Environmental Science & Technology 51(2)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.