Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy (2023) / Chapter Skim
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7 Applications of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy
7 Applications of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy
Pages 145-178
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From page 145... ...
It then discusses the use of body weight stability and status, rather than self-reported energy intake, to assess adequacy of energy intake. Finally, the updated EERs are compared to previous values from the IOM (2002/2005)
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From page 146... ...
monitor body weight over time and adjust energy intake as needed to maintain an appropriate body weight. Because a critical element in selecting the appropriate EER equation is identifying the correct PAL category, this step is described in the following section along with descriptions of the planning process for individuals and for groups.
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From page 147... ...
, and a minimal level of physical activity required for activities of daily living. The low active, active, and very active categories reflect increasing levels of physical activity through occupational and recreational activities.
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From page 148... ...
for all Inactive Low active Active Very active activity levels (PAL ~1.4)
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From page 149... ...
Planning Energy Intakes of Individuals Although EER equations are developed to meet the energy requirements for weight maintenance, the inherent individuality of energy requirements means that an energy intake equal to the calculated EER for an individual could result in weight maintenance (if the person's energy requirement was close to the calculated EER) , weight gain (if the person's energy requirement was below the calculated EER)
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From page 150... ...
c active to active active 3 15.5 142 138 167 0.092 100 97 117 4 17.8 130 152 205 0.089 82 96 129 5 20.5 119 170 249 0.087 67 95 140 6 22.5 109 182 282 0.084 58 96 149 7 26.2 100 207 340 0.082 47 96 158 8 29.5 98 228 386 0.079 42 98 166 9 31.8 95 244 421 0.077 39 100 172 10 38.7 123 293 501 0.074 43 102 175 11 44.6 133 333 578 0.072 41 104 180 12 46.4 122 345 609 0.069 38 108 190 13 55.4 144 407 723 0.067 39 110 195 14 59.9 148 438 784 0.064 39 114 205 15 66.1 180 482 852 0.062 44 118 208 16 66.8 186 488 860 0.059 47 124 218 17 72.1 213 525 918 0.057 52 128 223 18 71 202 517 908 0.054 53 135 237 NOTES: d = day; EER = estimated energy requirement; h = hour; kcal = kilocalorie; kg = kilogram; km = kilometer; min = minute; mph = miles per hour; y = year. See Chapter 5, Table 5-15 for EER equations.
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From page 151... ...
c active active active 3 14.9 33 95 142 0.095 23 67 100 4 17.7 59 123 208 0.091 37 76 129 5 19.7 87 151 276 0.088 50 87 159 6 22.4 112 178 340 0.085 59 93 179 7 25.7 124 197 374 0.081 60 95 180 8 28.3 144 220 426 0.078 65 100 193 9 33.4 161 249 477 0.074 65 101 193 10 39.5 172 276 516 0.071 61 98 184 11 43.6 200 310 589 0.068 67 105 199 12 52.1 194 331 598 0.064 58 99 179 13 52.2 209 343 631 0.061 66 108 198 14 59.5 207 364 645 0.058 60 105 187 15 58.1 206 359 638 0.054 66 114 203 16 61.8 204 368 643 0.051 65 117 204 17 65.1 199 375 641 0.047 65 123 209 18 62.7 204 371 646 0.044 74 134 234 NOTES: d = day; EER = estimated energy requirement; h = hour; kcal = kilocalorie; kg = kilogram; km = kilometer; min = minute; mph = miles per hour; y = year. See Chapter 5, Table 5-15 for EER equations.
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From page 152... ...
The EER equations are summarized in Chapter 5 and organized by age/sex group and PAL category (see Table 5-15 for children and adolescents and Table 5-16 for adults)
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From page 153... ...
For individuals whose energy requirements differ from the EER, providing energy intakes equal to the EER would lead to weight gain or loss over time. Adolescent Male The second example is a 15-year-old boy who is 170 cm in height, weighs 66 kg, and is determined to have an "active" PAL.
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From page 154... ...
Because an individual's actual energy requirement may vary considerably from the EER, it is important to monitor body weight over time. If undesired weight gain or loss occurs, energy intake should be adjusted incrementally to maintain the desired weight.
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From page 155... ...
Monitor body weight and rate of weight gain for the pregnant woman and adjust energy intake as required. During pregnancy, it is crucial that weight gain is monitored, and energy intake is adjusted as required to achieve the appropriate rate and amount of weight gain throughout pregnancy to avoid adverse outcomes for the mother and/or child (Goldstein et al., 2017)
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From page 156... ...
, irrespective of body weight status and do not predict energy requirements for those seeking to lose or gain weight. However, the equations can be used to identify energy intakes that would likely lead to weight gain or loss.
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From page 157... ...
While negative energy balance is a prerequisite for weight loss and positive energy balance is a prerequisite for weight gain, body weight management is a multifaceted process that includes many other aspects in addition to modifying energy intake (e.g., Wharton et al., 2020)
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From page 158... ...
Select the EER equation, and calculate the EER. The EER equations can be used in the initial stage of planning for the energy intakes of groups, although the approach differs depending on whether the planner has access to complete data on the individual characteristics of all group members (i.e., sex, age, height, weight, and PAL category)
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From page 159... ...
to calculate EERs for age/sex groups Determine a weighted EER using the proportions of boys and girls in the group NOTE: EER = estimated energy requirement; PAL = physical activity level. members but will overestimate or underestimate the actual requirements of others.
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From page 160... ...
b Age used to predict EER is based on specific age: birth–2 mo: 1 mo; 3–5 mo: 4 mo; 6–8 mo: 7 mo; 9–11 mo: 10 mo; 12–14 mo: 13 mo; 15–17 mo: 16 mo; 18–20 mo: 19 mo; 21–23 mo: 22 mo; 24–26 mo: 25 mo; 27–29 mo: 28 mo; 30–32 mo: 31 mo; 33–35 mo: 34 mo. c Uses EER equations for boys, 0–2 years.
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From page 161... ...
b Age used to predict EER is based on specific age: birth–2 mo: 1 mo; 3–5 mo: 4 mo; 6–8 mo: 7 mo; 9–11 mo: 10 mo; 12–14 mo: 13 mo; 15–17 mo: 16 mo; 18–20 mo: 19 mo; 21–23 mo: 22 mo; 24–26 mo: 25 mo; 27–29 mo: 28 mo; 30–32 mo: 31 mo; 33–35 mo: 34 mo. c Uses EER equations for girls, 0–2 years.
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From page 162... ...
b Uses EER equations for boys, 3–18 years c For ages 3–8 years: inactive: 1.0 ≤ PAL < 1.31; low active: 1.31 ≤ PAL < 1.44; active: 1.44 ≤ PAL < 1.59; very active: 1.59 ≤ PAL < 2.5. For ages 9–13 years: inactive: 1.0 ≤ PAL < 1.44; low active: 1.44 ≤ PAL < 1.60; active: 1.60 ≤ PAL < 1.77; very active: 1.77 ≤ PAL < 2.5.
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From page 163... ...
b Uses EER equations for girls, 3–18 years. c For ages 3–8 years: Inactive: 1.0 ≤ PAL < 1.31; low active: 1.31 ≤ PAL < 1.44; active: 1.44 ≤ PAL < 1.59; very active: 1.59 ≤ PAL < 2.5.
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From page 164... ...
d Inactive: 1.0 ≤ PAL < 1.53; low active: 1.53 ≤ PAL < 1.69; active: 1.69 ≤ PAL < 1.85; very active: 1.85 ≤ PAL < 2.5. TABLE 7-10 Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)
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. b Uses EER equations for boys, 3–18 years.
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From page 166... ...
. b Uses EER equations for girls, 3–18 years.
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From page 167... ...
d Inactive: 1.0 ≤ PAL < 1.53; low active: 1.53 ≤ PAL < 1.69; active: 1.69 ≤ PAL < 1.85; very active: 1.85 ≤ PAL < 2.5. TABLE 7-14 Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)
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From page 168... ...
If meals are provided in a setting in which individuals can choose the amounts they receive, it is possible that providing a total amount of food energy equal to the mean or median EER multiplied by the number of group members could meet the requirements of almost all members of the group. This is possible because freely selected energy intakes are highly correlated with energy requirements.
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From page 169... ...
Furthermore, as described in Chapter 6, misreporting of energy intakes is pervasive in national surveys of dietary intakes and is not random. Underreporting occurs in most age/sex groups, and its extent appears to vary by factors such as age, sex, and body weight status (see Chapter 6)
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From page 170... ...
, the prevalence of underweight, normal weight, and overweight/obesity in a population provide useful information about the overall long-term level of energy adequacy in that population and its subgroups. The examples below illustrate why it is not appropriate to assess adequacy of energy intake by comparing self-reported dietary intakes obtained from either individuals or groups and why assessment of body weight stability and relative body weight status provides information that has greater validity and utility.
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From page 171... ...
In conclusion, neither weight loss nor weight gain would be indicated from an overall health perspective. Assessing Energy Intakes of Groups As was true for individuals, it is not appropriate to use reported energy intake to determine the prevalence of energy inadequacy or excess in a group.
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From page 172... ...
Based on the data shown in Figure 7-1, one would expect that the majority of adult women would be losing weight, as reported median intakes were lower than the EER for the least active women. Systematic underreporting of energy intakes underlies the differences between reported intakes of groups and the EER for the group.
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From page 173... ...
for U.S. and Canadian women aged 19 years or older with normal weight, overweight, and obesity, compared to median energy intakes reported in NHANES (U.S.
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From page 174... ...
, the most obvious difference appears to be the narrowing of the differences in energy requirements across PAL categories. In general, EERs of those in the least active PAL category are higher in 2023 than in 2005, while EERs of those in the highest PAL category are lower in 2023 than in 2005, and the increase from low active to active or active to very active tends to be smaller than in the previous EERs.
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From page 175... ...
NOTE: Within each stacked bar, the bottom division (lightest shading) portrays the EER for inactive individuals, followed by EERs for low active, active, and very active individuals (at the top of the stacked bar and with the darkest shading)
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From page 176... ...
For older children and adults, the difference in the construction of PAL catego ries for the current EERs resulted in narrower difference across PAL categories, and a more consistent difference in energy requirements as the PAL categories increased, particularly for children. Conclusions he committee concludes that additional research to develop and validate T measures to classify children and adults into PAL categories would improve
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From page 177... ...
2003. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in dietary planning.
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From page 178... ...
2018. Exercise, energy expenditure and energy balance, as measured with doubly labelled water.
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