Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy (2023) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix J: Summary of Data Extracted from Systematic Reviews and Other Reviewed Literature
Appendix J: Summary of Data Extracted from Systematic Reviews and Other Reviewed Literature
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From page 341... ...
Appendix J Summary of Data Extracted from Systematic Reviews and Other Reviewed Literature 341
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From page 342... ...
White surveys, and recall interviews Adamo et al., 13 110 males Indirect Mean 2009 1–18 y; White measures of physical difference European, activity included from DLW in U.S. African activity diaries boys American, or logs, U.S.
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From page 343... ...
APPENDIX J 343 Hetero- Overall geneity of AMSTAR2 Quantitative or Qualitative Finding(s) Risk of Bias Studies Rating Data from studies/substudies reporting Overall, 19 -- Partially on combined male and female data of 24 well done/ that compared an indirect measure to studies reported DLW indicated that indirect measures unclearly overestimated physical activity or reported or energy expenditure with a mean failed to report percent difference of 22% and a range between of –25% to 78%.
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From page 344... ...
344 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-1 Continued Sample Predictor or Number Character- Intervention or Primary Author, Year of Studies istics Comparator Outcome Dowd et al., 2018 24 Males and Activity monitor DLW females ≥ determined energy 19 y; high- expenditure income countries Dowd et al., 2018 9 Males and Activity monitor Indirect females ≥ determined PA calorimetry 19 y; high- intensity and whole income room countries calorimetry PA intensity Dowd et al., 2018 31 Males and Activity monitor Indirect females ≥19 determined energy calorimetry EE y; high- expenditure income countries Dowd et al., 2018 3 Males and Pedometer DLW females ≥ determined EE 19y; high income countries Helmerhorst et 2 111 males Physical activity DLW al., 2012 and females questionnaires < 18 y; high-income countries
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From page 345... ...
The MPD range for activity monitordetermined total energy expenditure compared with whole room calorimetry were narrower (–16.7% to –15.7%)
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From page 346... ...
346 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-1 Continued Sample Predictor or Number Character- Intervention or Primary Author, Year of Studies istics Comparator Outcome Helmerhorst et 6 239 males Physical activity DLW al., 2012 and females questionnaires 18–65 y; high-income countries Helmerhorst et 2 86 males and Physical activity DLW al., 2012 females > questionnaires 65 y; high income countries Jeran et al., 2016 24 1,148 males Assess whether Crude R2 and females study or accelerometer ≥ 19 y; mix accelerometer device output vs. of general characteristics AEE or AEE population, influence the per kg soldiers, association between and patients accelerometer (COPD and derived physical cancer)
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From page 347... ...
Four done/ studies reported TEE and Spearman r reported ranging from 0.15 to 0.67; Pearson r ranged from 0.12 to 0.58; MD ranged from –3,451.9 to 7,455 kJ/day. One study reported PAL, and the Pearson r ranged from 0.34 to 0.69.
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From page 348... ...
348 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-1 Continued Sample Predictor or Number Character- Intervention or Primary Author, Year of Studies istics Comparator Outcome Pisanu et al., 2020 5 734 males REE estimated -- and females from wearable ≥ 19 y with accelerometer-based overweight devices and obesity; high-income countries Pisanu et al., 2020 9 339 males PA EE estimated -- and females from wearable ≥ 19 y with accelerometer–based overweight devices during and obesity; different structured high-income physical activities countries
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From page 349... ...
APPENDIX J 349 Hetero- Overall geneity of AMSTAR2 Quantitative or Qualitative Finding(s) Risk of Bias Studies Rating One study obtained an underestimation Risk of bias -- Well done/ of REE SWA, although the statistical was judged as reported significance was not specified.
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From page 350... ...
350 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-1 Continued Sample Predictor or Number Character- Intervention or Primary Author, Year of Studies istics Comparator Outcome Pisanu et al., 2020 5 185 males TEE or PA EE free- -- and females living from wearable ≥ 19 y with accelerometer-based overweight devices and obesity; high-income countries
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From page 351... ...
Nevertheless, Bland–Altman plots revealed no systematic bias when considering both TEE and AEE. continued
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From page 352... ...
352 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-1 Continued Sample Predictor or Number Character- Intervention or Primary Author, Year of Studies istics Comparator Outcome Plasqui et al., 25 944 males Validity of wearable -- 2013 and females; PA monitor high-income estimates of EE countries Sharifzadeh et al., 30 3,877 males Physical activity -- 2021 and females; questionnaire TEE high-income (50 questionnaires) countries Sharifzadeh et al., 15 2,058 males Physical activity -- 2021 and females; questionnaire AEE high-income (35 questionnaires)
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From page 353... ...
Output from the 3dNX accelerometer significantly increased the prediction of TEE in addition to FFM. The Tracmor significantly contributed to the prediction of TEE after correcting for sleeping metabolic rate, body mass, or FFM.
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From page 354... ...
354 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-1 Continued Sample Predictor or Number Character- Intervention or Primary Author, Year of Studies istics Comparator Outcome Tudor-Locke et 8 Males and Pedometer versus -- al., 2002 females; energy expenditure high-income countries Tudor-Locke et 8 Males and Pedometer versus -- al., 2002 females; energy expenditure high-income countries NOTE: AEE = activity energy expenditure; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DLW = doubly labeled water; EE = energy expenditure; ES = effect size; FFM = fat-free mass; IDEEA = Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and physical Activity; kcal = kilocalories; kg = kilogram; kJ = kilojoule; LIPA = light-intensity physical activity; MD = mean difference; MET = metabolic equivalent of task; MPA = moderate-intensity physical activity; MPD = mean percentage difference; PA = physical activity; PAL = physical activity level; PAQ = physical activity questionnaire; REE = resting energy expenditure; SD = standard deviation; SWA = SenseWear Armband; TEE = total energy expenditure; VPA = vigorous-intensity physical activity; WMD = weighted mean difference; y = years.
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From page 355... ...
APPENDIX J 355 Hetero- Overall geneity of AMSTAR2 Quantitative or Qualitative Finding(s) Risk of Bias Studies Rating Although a single study comparing -- -- Not well pedometer outputs with energy done/ expenditure derived from doubly reported labeled water reported a significant correlation of r = 0.61 in a patient population, two other studies reported no significant correlations in different populations (no reported r values)
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From page 356... ...
. Sensitivity analysis produced similar results Park et al., 15 Adults -- -- -- 2020 19–50 y with obesity or lean/ normal weight Quatela et 19 Male and Total energy DIT; RMR The effect of al., 2016 (related female intake energy intake on to adults 19 y DIT (coefficient, energy)
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From page 357... ...
Among trials of > 2.5 weeks, the lower-carbohydrate diet substantially I2, 26.4%; p = increased TEE -- by ∼50 kcal/d for .255 every 10% decrease in carbohydrate as % EI -- with minimal residual heterogeneity. Many studies reported that the -- Not well done/ main determinant of DIT is the reported energy content of food, followed by the protein fraction of food.
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From page 358... ...
NOTE: AEE = activity energy expenditure; BMI = body mass index; C = controls; CT = constitutional thinness; DLW = doubly labeled water; FFM = fat-free mass; PAL = physical activity level; REE = resting energy expenditure; RMR = resting metabolic rate; RQ = respiratory quotient; TEE = total energy expenditure; y = years.
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From page 359... ...
Bias Studies Rating See Table 9 in Bailly et al., 2021: CT -- -- Partially well individuals have a lower TEE, REE done/reported compared to normal weight; No diff in RQ, AEE, PAL between CT and normal weight; RMR/FFM trend of significant difference such that C < CT (p = .083)
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From page 360... ...
360 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-4 Evidenc e on the Effec t or Asso c iation of Weight Cyc ling with Metabolic Effic ienc y (Energy Usage/Expenditure) and Health Outc omes: System atic Reviews and Observ ational Studies Predictor or Number Intervention Author, of Sample or Primary Quantitative Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Finding(s)
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From page 361... ...
Although weight loss associated -- -- -- with reduced REE, there was no association between REE and weight cycling in adults with class I/II obesity In overweight and obese adults -- -- -- age 22–45, weight cycling shows a reduced REE when adjusted for organ and tissue mass. Behavioral interventions for weight -- I2, 75% Well done/ loss maintenance in obese adults reported reduces risk for weight regain/ cycling.
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From page 362... ...
Fothergill et -- 14 males and Diet and TEE and REE al., 2016 females 19–50 exercise REE reduced y with class III 704 ± 427 obesity kcal/d below baseline at 6 years after weight loss (p < .0001) Zhang et 4 92,063 females Weight Endometrial Odds ratio, al., 2019 19 y and older cycling cancer 1.23 to 2.33 NOTE: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; CVD = cardiovascular disease; N/A = not applicable; REE = resting energy expenditure; RR = relative risk; TEE = total energy expenditure; y = years.
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From page 363... ...
low risk of bias, 38 medium risk of bias Metabolic adaptation in morbid -- -- -- obesity is associated with the degree of weight loss; REE and TEE remain reduced for 6 years after weight loss even with weight regain or increased physical activity. Weight cycling is associated with -- -- Partially well 1.2- to 2.3-fold increased risk for done/reported endometrial cancer in females age ≥ 18y.
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From page 364... ...
364 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-5 Evidence on the Effect of Race or Ethnicity on Energy Expenditure Author, Year Populations Sex Life Stage Albu et al., 1997 B/W F Adults Foster et al., 1999 B/W F Adults Jakicic and Wing, 1998 B/W F Adults Mika Horie et al., 2009 B/W F Adults Reneau et al., 2019 B/W F/M Adults Shook et al., 2014 B/W F Adults Olivier et al., 2016 B/W F Adults Sharp et al., 2002 B/W F/M Adults Spaeth et al., 2015 B/W F/M Adults Vander Weg et al., 2004 B/W F Adults Wang et al., 2010 B/W F Adults Adzika Nsatimba et al., 2016 B/W F/M Adults Forman et al., 1998 B/W F Adults Santa-Clara et al., 2006 B/W F Adults Vander Weg et al., 2000 B/W F/M Adults Martin et al., 2004 B/W F/M Adults Most et al., 2018 B/W F Adults Manini et al., 2011 B/W F/M Adults Désilets et al., 2006 B/W F/M Adults Rush et al., 1997 Maori/W F Adults Wouters-Adriaens and Asian/W F/M Adults Westerterp, 2008 Byrne et al., 2003 B/W F Adults Hunter et al., 2000 B/W F Adults Deemer et al., 2010 Hispanic/W F Adults
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From page 365... ...
W REE difference, adjusted 119 Lower REE in Maori vs. W REE no difference, adjusted 0 Equal REE after adjusting for body composition REE no difference, adjusted 0 Equal REE after adjusting for detailed composition REE no difference, adjusted 0 Equal EE after adjusting for trunk lean body mass REE no difference, adjusted 0 Equal REE but unadjusted continued
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From page 366... ...
366 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-5 Continued Author, Year Populations Sex Life Stage Soares et al., 1998 Indian/W F/M Adults Weyer et al., 1999 Pima/W F/M Adults Javed et al., 2010 B/W F/M Adults Jones et al., 2004 B/W F Adults Gallagher et al., 2006 B/W F/M Adults Gallagher et al., 1997 B/W F/M Adults Song et al., 2016 Chinese/Indian/ M Adults Malay Tranah et al., 2011 B/W F/M Adults Glass et al., 2002 B/W F Adults DeLany et al., 2014 B/W F Adults Dugas et al., 2009 B/W F Adults Lam et al., 2014 B/W F/M Adults Weinsier et al., 2000 B/W F Adults Most et al., 2018 B/W F Adults Blanc et al., 2004 B/W F/M Adults Walsh et al., 2004 B/W F Adults Weyer et al., 1999 Pima/W F/M Adults Katzmaryk et al., 2018 B/W F/M Adults Hunter et al., 2000 B/W F Adults Kushner et al., 1995 B/W F Adults Lovejoy et al., 2001 B/W F Adults Saad et al., 1991 Pima/W M Adults Christin et al., 1993 Pima/W M Adults Fontvieille et al., 1994 Pima/W F/M Adults
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From page 367... ...
W, equal SMR REE no difference - HMRO 0 Equal after adjusting for organ metabolic rate REE no difference - HMRO 0 Equal after adjusting for skeletal muscle mass REE no difference - HMRO 0 Organ sizes/metabolic rates REE no difference - HMRO 0 Body composition differences REE no difference - HMRO 0 Lower EE in Asians, equal when adjusting for trunk lean body mass REE no difference - mtDNA 0 Equal EE after adjusting for mtDNA haplotypes; elderly REE no difference -unadjusted 0 Equal EE TEE difference - adjusted 233 Lower EE B vs. W TEE difference - adjusted 105 Lower EE in B vs.
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From page 368... ...
368 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-5 Continued Author, Year Populations Sex Life Stage Tershakovec et al., 2002 B/W F/M Children Wong et al., 1996 B/W F Children Bandini et al., 2002 B/W F Children Morrison et al., 1996 B/W F Children Yanovski et al., 1997 B/W F Children Wong et al., 1999 B/W F Children Sun et al., 2001 B/W F/M Children McDuffie et al., 2004 B/W F/M Children Pretorius et al., 2021 B/W F/M Children Sun et al., 1998 B/W F/M Children Broadney et al., 2018 B/W F/M Children Hanks et al., 2015 B/W M Children Rush et al., 2003 Maori/Pacific F/M Children Islander/W Spurr et al., 1992 Mestizo/B/ F/M Children Amerindian Goran et al., 1995 Mohawk/W F/M Children Fontvieille et al., 1992 Pima/W F/M Children Bandini et al., 2002 B/W F Children DeLany et al., 2002 B/W F/M Children Dugas et al., 2008 Hispanic/W F Children Sun et al., 1998 B/W F/M Children Goran et al., 1998 B/W/Mohawk/ F/M Children Guatemalan Goran et al., 1995 Mohawk/W F/M Children NOTE: AEE = activity energy expenditure; B = Black; BMD = bone mineral density; EE = energy expenditure; F = female; HMRO = high-metabolic-rate organs; kcal/d = kilocalorie per day; M = male; mtDNA = mitochondrial DNA; REE = resting energy expenditure; SMR = sleeping metabolic rate; TEE = total energy expenditure; W = White.
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From page 369... ...
W, attenuated with inclusion of trunk lean body mass REE difference - adjusted 52 Testing REE predictive equations; greater overestimation in B REE difference - adjusted 62 Lower REE,TEE, AEE in B vs. W REE difference - adjusted 120 Lower REE in B vs.
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From page 370... ...
370 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-6 Evidence on How Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure Change Across the Life Span: Systematic Reviews Predictor or Number Sample Intervention or Primary Author, Year of Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Craigie et al., 22 11,889 males and Association -- 2011 females, children between physical and adults from activity levels high-income at baseline and countries follow-up Craigie et al., 13 4,999 males and Maintenance of -- 2011 females, children relative position -- and adults from physical activity high-income countries Craigie et al., 10 17,654 males and The probability of -- 2011 females, children being physically and adults from active at follow high-income up according to countries activity at baseline
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From page 371... ...
However, a comparison of their findings is complicated by the variation in categories used in their analyses. The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study reported general daily physical activity: those in the lowest quartile for daily physical activity at 13 years old were 3.6 times more likely (95% CI, 2.4–5.4)
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From page 372... ...
372 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-6 Continued Predictor or Number Sample Intervention or Primary Author, Year of Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Foulds et al., 8 915 males and Average PALs -- PAL via 2013 females; Native adults DLW and American metabolic population in chamber Canada and United States Foulds et al., 2 408 males and Average PALs -- PAL via 2013 females; Native adults DLW and American metabolic population in chamber Canada and United States Foulds et al., 5 > 100,000 males Physical activity PAL via self2013 published and females; change over time report from 1980 Native American to 1989, population in 14 from Canada and 1990 to United States 1999, and 20 from 2000 to 2011
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From page 373... ...
Among children at age 5 years, Citations -- Partially well overall average total energy included in done/reported expenditure was found to be 5.93 the physical MJ, with 1.17 MJ of activity energy activity expenditure, resulting in a PAL ratio behavior of 1.42. Results among other ages of assessment children/youth are not available in consisted of the literature.
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From page 374... ...
on Energy Balance or Energy Expenditure: Systematic Reviews Number Predictor or of Sample Intervention or Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Ashtary-Larky 7 361 males and Gradual weight Weight change et al., 2020 females 19 y loss and older with overweight and obesity Cheng et al., 12 1,499 males and Pubertal REE 2016 females 9–18 y Nunes et al., 33 2,528 males and Weight loss REE or TEE 2022 females 19 y and older
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From page 375... ...
Bias Studies Rating Gradual weight Gradual weight loss 3/7 low -- Partially loss preserved produces less reduction well done/ REE by ~100 kcals in REE than rapid weight reported compared to rapid loss and a greater loss of weight loss fat mass and percent body fat. REE increases 12% Both REE and TEE are Medium -- Partially and TEE increases significantly higher during well done/ 16% during puberty.
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From page 376... ...
376 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-7 Continued Number Predictor or of Sample Intervention or Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Schwartz and 90 2,996 males and Diet or diet REE Doucet, 2010 females 19 y plus exercise and older with or diet plus overweight and pharmacological obesity intervention Dhurandar et 32 1,680 males Diet Compensation al., 2015 and females 19–50 y with normal weight, overweight, and obesity Kee et al., 2012 20 Males and BMI REE females 19–50 y with morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40) Nunes et al., 94 males and Diet; calorie REE 2021 females 19 y restriction and older with averaged 270 overweight and kcal/d obesity Schwartz et al., 90 815 males and Diet or diet plus REE 2012 females 19 y exercise or diet and older with plus weight loss overweight and intervention obesity NOTE: BMI = body mass index; kcal = kilocalorie; kg = kilogram; REE = resting energy expenditure; TEE = total energy expenditure; y = years.
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From page 377... ...
equation after weight loss may overestimate energy intake needs for weight maintenance.
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From page 378... ...
TABLE J-9a Evidence on How the Increase in Tissue Deposition Associated with Pregnancy Influences, Effects, or Contributes to Energy Requirements: Nonsystematic Reviews Author, Year N Age (SD) BMI Status Ethnicity Catalano et al., 6 normal, 10 31.8 y (5.5)
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From page 379... ...
28.0 (9.1) Gestational Weight Gain Protein Gain FFM Gain FM Gain g/day (SD)
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From page 380... ...
380 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-9b Evidence on How the Increase in Tissue Deposition Associated with Pregnancy Influences, Effects, or Contributes to Energy Requirements: Systematic Reviews Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Savard et 32 Pregnant women, Pregnancy REE/TEE al., 2021 mostly White NOTE: kcal = kilocalorie; REE = resting energy expenditure; TEE = total energy expenditure.
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From page 381... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating Increases in REE ranged REE and TEE Huge -- Partially from 0.5% to 18.3% (8 to increase during variability. well done/ 239 kcal)
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From page 382... ...
25.0 (3.9) White 2011 30 with 26 EBF Nielsen et al., -- -- -- 2013 NOTE: BF = breast feeding; BMI = body mass index; DLW = doubly labeled water; EBF = exclusively breast feeding; FFM = fat-free mass; FM = fat mass; g = gram; kcal/d = kilocalories/day; kg = kilogram; kJ = kilojoule; ml = milliliter; pp = postpartum; REE = resting energy expenditure; SD = standard deviation; TEE = total energy expenditure; y = years.
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From page 383... ...
At 9 months breast milk vol 530 (225) g/d for breast milk energy output of 465 (198)
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From page 384... ...
384 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-10b Evidence on How the Increase in Tissue Deposition Associated with Lactation Influences, Effects, or Contributes to Energy Requirements: Systematic Reviews Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Reilly et al., 3–4 months, 3–4 months, 1,041; Not applicable Milk transfer 2005 33; 5–6 5–6 months, 99; months, 6; at 6 months, 72 6 months, 5 mom–infant dyads; exclusively breast feeding NOTE: CI = confidence interval; d = day; g = gram; kcal = kilocalorie; kJ = kilojoule; SD = standard deviation; WHO = World Health Organization.
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From page 385... ...
. Changes selected mother–infant in breast milk transfers pairs; longitudinal between 2 and 5 months studies, in contrast, from nine studies reported did not suggest any no marked increase in marked increase in milk transfer over the milk transfer over periods of time measured, time during the period and most described the of 3–6 months.
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From page 386... ...
, or Weight Gain (if Underweight) : Systematic Reviews Sample Predictor or Number of Character- Intervention or Primary Author, Year Studies istics Comparator Outcome Heymsfield et 10 150 obese Relationship between TEE-DLW al., 2007 subjects on measured and or indirect low-calorie predicted TEE among calorimeter diet and reduced obesity after patients with long-term ( 26 reduced weeks)
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From page 387... ...
Bias Studies Rating Mean difference Limited literature, but -- -- Not well between measured findings support that done/ and predicted TEE for low patient adherence reported all reduced obesity is the main basis for subjects 20.1 kcal/ modest weight loss day (–58, –155) % associated with LCD.
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From page 388... ...
388 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Evidence on the Association Between Weight Change and Chronic Disease Outcomes: Systematic Reviews Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Alharbi et 2 715 community- Intentional All-cause al., 2021 dwelling males weight loss mortality risk and females 65 y and older; not all from high-income countries Alharbi et 23 1,210,116 Weight gain All-cause al., 2021 community- mortality risk dwelling males and females 65 y and older; not all from high-income countries
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From page 389... ...
Older, community dwelling adults with very small sample size and no information on how weight loss was measured RR (95% CI) No information on Most were Low Well done/ = 1.10 (1.02– whether weight gains or good heterogeneity reported 1.17)
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From page 390... ...
390 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Alharbi et 4 6,901 community- Weight All-cause al., 2021 dwelling males fluctuation mortality risk and females 65 y and older; not all from high-income countries Capristo et 17 39,875 males and Weight loss All-cause al., 2021 females ≥ 18 y associated with mortality with overweight anti-obesity or obesity; not all medications from high-income countries
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From page 391... ...
losses were intentional p = .31; I2 = A 63% increased risk 14.6% of all-cause mortality with weight fluctuation compared to stable weight reference In community-dwelling older adults, weight fluctuations are associated with an increased risk of all cause mortality relative to stable weight. Weight fluctuation data were a mixture of measured and self reported.
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From page 392... ...
392 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Capristo et al., 2021 (continued) Capristo et 8 28,657 males and Weight loss Cardioal., 2021 females ≥ 18 y associated with vascular with overweight antiobesity mortality or obesity; not all medications from high-income countries Capristo et 7 30,404 males and Weight loss Myocardial al., 2021 females ≥ 18 y associated with infarction with overweight anti-obesity or obesity; not all medications from high-income countries
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From page 393... ...
with antiobesity drugs reported I2 = 0%; p = Linear association .79 between CVD mortality and magnitude of weight loss was not significant. Unable to demonstrate an effect of weight-loss medications on CVD mortality in trials with an average of 52 weeks of follow-up.
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From page 394... ...
394 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Capristo et 4 21,584 males and Weight loss Stroke al., 2021 females ≥ 18 y associated with with overweight anti-obesity or obesity; not all medications from high-income countries Chan et al., 8 1,373 females ≥ 18 Adult weight Premenopausal 2019 y; underweight loss of unknown breast cancer women (BMI < intention 18.5) excluded; not all from high income countries Chan et al., 14 8,283 females ≥ 18 Adult weight Postmenopausal 2019 y; underweight loss of unknown breast cancer women (BMI < intention 18.5)
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From page 395... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating OR (95% CI) : Unable to demonstrate Suboptimal No Not well 0.93 (0.72– effect of weight loss quality heterogeneity done/ 1.20)
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From page 396... ...
not all from high income countries Chan et al., 16 Females ≥ 18 Adult weight Postmenopausal 2019 y; underweight gain per 5 kg breast cancer women (BMI < (of unknown 18.5) excluded; intention)
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From page 397... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating RR (95% CI) No association of Most studies I2 = 20.7%, p Not well = 1.00 (0.97– weight gain and considered = .265 done/ 1.03)
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From page 398... ...
398 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Hao et al., 19 862,177 females ≥ Highest adult Onset of breast 2021 19 y; American, weight gain since cancer or total European, early adulthood cancers Australia, Asian for both whole (Japanese, Chinese) adulthood and hormone-changed menopause stages
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From page 399... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating Highest vs. Weight gain in Asian No data Highest vs.
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From page 400... ...
400 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Jayedi et 5 134,247 males and Weight gain Hypertension al., 2018 females; general equal to a 1-unit incidence population > 18 y increment in with > 1 y follow- BMI (both up; high-income self-reported countries and measured weights)
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From page 401... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating There was There was a linear No data I2 = 77.8%. p Well done/ a linear association between heterogeneity reported association weight gain and risk of = 0.001 between hypertension (p nonweight gain linearity = 0.58)
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From page 402... ...
, Middle East (1) CVD Jayedi et 2 118,140 males Weight gain CVD incidence al., 2020 and females ≥ during adulthood 18 y reporting unintended weight gain during adulthood or before assessment; Europe (13)
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From page 403... ...
Measuring weight gain during adulthood may be better than static, cross-sectional assessment of weight because it considers trend over time, and thus, can be used as a supplementary approach to predict CVD. Adult weight gain could increase the risk of CVD incidence and mortality.
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From page 404... ...
404 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Karahalios 18 Healthy adults Weight at All-cause et al., 2017 measured between baseline and mortality middle and older follow-up based age on measured weight (subgroup No data on number analysis) of participants
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From page 405... ...
Weight gain in middle aged to older adults is associated with muscle mass decreases and fat-mass increases, with the largest increase in visceral and abdominal fat. Weight gain from middle to older adulthood was associated with a slightly increased risk of all-cause mortality.
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From page 406... ...
Karahalios 2 Healthy adults Intentional All-cause et al., 2017 measured between weight loss mortality middle and older (measured and age self-reported) No data on number of participants
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From page 407... ...
Studies Weight gain in midlife with > 10 is associated with y between increased risk of CVD weight mortality. measurements had higher HRs than studies with < 10 y HR = 1.44 Results from weight-loss No data No data Partially (95% CI = studies with measured well done/ 1.03, 2.00)
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From page 408... ...
408 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome LeBlanc et 9 Males and females Behavior-based Diabetes al., 2018 ≥ 19 y; high- weight loss incidence in income countries prediabetic participants Included studies with ≥ 12 months follow-up and participants ≥ 18 y with above normal weight. Excluded studies with participants with chronic diseases or secondary causes of obesity.
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From page 409... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating RR (95% CI) : Weight loss -- I2 = 49.2%, p Partially 0.67 (0.51 to interventions associated = .46.
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From page 410... ...
410 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Ma et al., 24 15,176 males and Dietary weight New CVD 2017 females age ≥ 19 y loss ± physical events with obesity activity. All but 1 of the diets were low fat.
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From page 411... ...
reported Predominantly in middle-aged adults, the authors were unable to show effects of weight loss on new cancer events. There were fewer trials and much uncertainty for this outcome.
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From page 412... ...
overweight/ < 20 y obese in childhood and normal weight in adulthood
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From page 413... ...
Because all but one study used a low-fat, weight-reducing diet, the results are relevant only to this cause of weight loss. Compared Those who developed Study quality Heterogeneity Partially to normal excess weight ranged from assessed.
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From page 414... ...
overweight/ obese in childhood and Age at baseline adulthood; weight assessment (3) overweight/ < 20 y obese in childhood and normal weight in adulthood
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From page 415... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating Compared Incident and persistent Study quality Heterogeneity Partially to normal overweight/obesity ranged from assessed. or not well weight in are associated with 6 to 8 out of After done/ childhood increased risk of adult 9 (moderate subgroup reported and hypertension.
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From page 416... ...
overweight/ < 20 y obese in childhood and normal weight in adulthood
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From page 417... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating Compared Incident and persistent -- Heterogeneity Partially to normal overweight/obesity assessed. or not well weight in are associated with After done/ childhood increased risk of adult subgroup reported and CVD.
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From page 418... ...
418 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Wang et al., 20 38,141 males and Weight loss Diagnosis of 2021 females ≥ 19 y; dementia from United States, Europe, Nigeria, Australia, South Korea Zhang et 15 623,973 males Weight All-cause al., 2019 and females ≥ 19 fluctuation mortality y; from United episodes States, South Korea, Australia, Germany, UK
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From page 419... ...
. dementia, country, sex, Weight loss may age, baseline be associated with BMI, baseline increased risk of health status, dementia.
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From page 420... ...
420 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Zou et al., 20 341,395 males and Weight All-cause 2019 females ≥ 19 y fluctuation mortality (studies varied in how this was measured) Zou et al., 11 245,109 males and Weight CVD mortality 2019 females ≥ 19 y fluctuation (studies varied in how this was measured)
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From page 421... ...
RR = 1.01 Body weight fluctuation 6 of 6 studies Heterogeneity Partially (95% CI, 0.90, is NOT associated with were high NS well done/ 1.13) cancer mortality.
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From page 422... ...
TABLE J-13 Evidence on the Association Between BMI and Chronic Disease, Including All-Cause Mortality: Systematic Reviews and Observational Studies BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Azizpour et 16 8,397 1–18 y Females ≥ 25.0 and ≥ al., 2018 including and males 30.0 3,577 cases Sharma et al., 52 1,553,683 5–13 y Females ≥ 85th 2019 and males percentile Hidayat et al., 6 13,510 cases Pregnancy Females ≥ 25.0 2019 Xiao et al., 103 1,826,454 Pre- Females ≥ 25.0 2021 including pregnancy 120,696 cases
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From page 423... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating RR = 1.35, Body weight fluctuation Not reported Heterogeneity Partially 95% CI, 1.14, is associated with NS well done/ 1.61 hypertension reported Overall Primary Quantitative Risk of AMSTAR2 Outcome Finding(s) Clinical Interpretation Bias Rating Asthma Overweight Risk for asthma in children p= -- 1.64 (95% CI and adolescents who are 0.312; P 1.13–2.38)
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From page 424... ...
424 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-13 Continued BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Ibe and BRFSS 1,168,418 18–64 Females ≥ 25.0 Smith, 2014 (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) Jayedi et al., 182 5,585,850, > 18 Females > 20 2022 including and males 228,695 cases Khadra et al., 11 60,118 19–50 Females ≥ 25.0 2019 and males Larsson et al., 47 218,792 > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 2021 and males Yu et al., 2022 82 2,690,000 > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 and males Jayedi et al., 50 2,255,067, > 18 Females > 20 2018 including and males 190,320 cases Zhou et al., 57 830,685, > 18 Females 2018 including and males 125,071 cases Rexrode et Physicians 16,164, 40–84 Males ≥ 27.6 al., 2001 Health including 552 Study cases
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From page 425... ...
HTN 1.49 (1.41–1.58) Each 5-unit increase in BMI 0.0001 -- above 20.0 is associated with 49% increased risk for HTN.
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From page 426... ...
Meigs et al., Community 2,902 > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 2006 Longitudinal and males Study Darbandi et 38 137,256 > 18 Females ≥ 30.0 al., 2020 and males Kim et al., 77 30,000,000 > 18 Females > 20 2021 and males Church et al., Aerobics 2,316 > 20 Males with ≥ 25.0 2005 Center T2DM Longitudinal Study Jarvis et al., 14 1,930,000, > 18 Females > 30.0 2020 including and males 49,451 cases
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From page 427... ...
NAFLD 1.20 (1.12–1.28) BMI > 30 is associated with -- -- 20% increased risk for severe liver disease.
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From page 428... ...
428 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-13 Continued BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Campbell et 14 1,570,000, > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 al., 2016 including and males 2,162 cases Sohn et al., 28 8,135,906 > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 2021 and males Byun et al., 37 1,849,875, ≤ 30 Females 13.2–32.5 2022 including 39,733 cases Byun et al., 10 662,779, ≤ 30 Females 15.3–32.5 2022 including 4,539 cases Byun et al., 6 496,391, ≤ 30 Females 14.6–32.5 2022 including 2,692 cases Fang et al., 325 1,525,052 > 18 Females > 20.0 2018 and males
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From page 429... ...
Compared with normal -- -- cellular weight BMI, persons with carcinoma overweight, class I obesity, class II obesity, and class III obesity were associated with 21%, 87%, 142%, and 116%, respectively, increased risk of liver cancer. Hepato- 1.69 (1.50–1.90)
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From page 430... ...
430 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-13 Continued BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Gao et al., 27 28,784,269, > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 2019 including and males 127,161 cases Gu et al., 2022 52 279,499, > 18 Males ≥ 25.0 including 51,704 cases Hidayat et al., 56 56,744 ≤ 30 Females ≥ 20.0 2018a and males Hidayat et al., 22 7,000,000, > 18 Females ≥ 20.0 2018b including and males 20,000 cases Li et al., 2016 12 5,902 cases > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 and males O'Sullivan et 20 47,692 cases ≤ 50 Females ≥ 30.0 al., 2022 and males
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From page 431... ...
Further, each 5-unit increase in BMI in early adulthood (18–21 y) is associated with 11% increased risk for NHL.
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From page 432... ...
432 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-13 Continued BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Li et al., 2021 6 8,150,473, ≤ 55 Females ≥ 25.0 including and males 11,299 cases Liu et al., 24 8,953,478, > 18 Females > 20 2018b including and males 15,535 cases Youssef et al., 31 24,489,477, > 18 Females < 18.5, ≥ 25.0 2021 including and males 86,097 cases Jiang et al., 9 96,213 ≥ 65 Females > 28 2019 and males Mortensen et 35 1,508,366 > 50 Females < 18.5 al., 2021 and males Jiang et al., 37 320,594 ≥ 65 Females < 23 and 2019 and males > 33.0
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From page 433... ...
are associated with a early onset 1.47) ; obese 42% increased risk of early 1.88 (1.40–2.54)
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From page 434... ...
434 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-13 Continued BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Kitahara et 20 9,564 > 18 Females Class III al., 2014 and males obesity NOTE: AUC = area under the curve; BMI = body mass index; BRFSS = Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; CHD = coronary heart disease; CVD = cardiovascular disease; HTN = hypertension; kg = kilogram; m = meter; MI = myocardial infarction; NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; RR = relative risk; NHL = non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; WC = waist circumference; WHR = waist–hip ratio; y = year. TABLE J-14 Evidence on the Degree of Systematic Bias or Random Error of Energy Intake as Assessed by Self-Report Compared to Doubly Labeled Water Studies: Systematic Reviews Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Burrows et 36 2,834 male and Food record/ EI-TEE al., 2019 female adults, TEE from DLW including pregnant women; not all high-income countries Burrows et 24 3,295 male and 24-hour recall/ EI-TEE al., 2019 female adults, TEE from DLW including pregnant women; not all high-income countries Burrows et 21 2,997 male and FFQ/TEE from EI-TEE al., 2019 female adults, DLW including pregnant women; not all high-income countries Burrows et 5 71 male and female Diet history/ EI-TEE al., 2019 adults, including TEE from DLW pregnant women; not all high-income countries
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From page 435... ...
a 2.3- to 3.3-fold increased risk for death, those with BMI 50–59 have a 3.5 to 5.9 increased risk for death, and risks are greater for males than for females. Hetero- Overall Quantitative Qualitative geneity of AMSTAR2 Finding(s)
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From page 436... ...
436 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Burrows et 5 106 male and FFQ/TEE from EI-TEE al., 2020 female children and DLW adolescents Burrows et 4 66 male and female WFR/TEE from EI-TEE al., 2020 children and DLW adolescents Burrows et 3 108 male and Remote food EI-TEE al., 2020 female children and photography/ adolescents TEE from DLW Burrows et 2 52 male and female 24-hour recall / EI-TEE al., 2020 children and TEE from DLW adolescents Burrows et 1 29 male and female Precoded food EI-TEE al., 2020 children and record/TEE adolescents from DLW Capling et al., 11 109 adolescent and Food record/ EI-TEE 2017 adult male and DLW female athletes; includes pregnant women; not all from high-income countries
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From page 437... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating Significant FFQ has 4/5 positive -- Partially underreporting in 3 limitations for quality; 1 well done/ of 5 studies (–7% to assessing EI, neutral quality reported –23% of estimated especially at the EI) ; other 2 studies individual level.
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From page 438... ...
438 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Gemming et 2 82 male and female Image-based EI-TEE al., 2015 adults; not all food record / from high-income TEE from DLW countries Gemming et 1 14 male and female Image-assisted EI-TEE al., 2015 adults; not all 24-hour recall / from high-income TEE from DLW countries Ho et al., 2020 6 205 children and Image-based Total energy adults, males and dietary intake females; includes assessment pregnant women method/DLW
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From page 439... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating Remote food Image-based food -- -- Not well photography under- records are likely done/ estimated by –6% to to underestimate reported –26% in overweight EI. and obese adults Image-assisted Image-assisted -- -- Not well 24-hour recall methods may done/ overestimated by overestimate EI.
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From page 440... ...
440 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Ho et al., 2020 4 142 children and Image-based Total energy adults, males and dietary intake females; includes assessment pregnant women method/24-hour dietary recall Ho et al., 2020 6 266 children and Image-based Total energy adults, males and dietary intake females; includes assessment pregnant women method/ weighted food record
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From page 441... ...
, reported estimated EI, two found in the ranged from indicating studies reported an weighted mean good to very some underestimation of differences of good. Two variability EI using the IBDA energy intake studies were between methods, and one between the rated as very studies.
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From page 442... ...
442 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Ho et al., 2020 3 103 children and Image-based Macro adults, males and dietary nutrients females; includes assessment pregnant women method/24-hour dietary recall
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From page 443... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating One study showed a No statistically The overall Heterogeneity Partially significant positive significant quality of was high (I2 well done/ correlation for all differences in the 3 studies = 66%) for reported three macronutrients, the weighted ranged from carbohydrate one study observed a mean difference good to very intake, significant difference of carbohydrate, good.
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From page 444... ...
444 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Ho et al., 2020 6 256 children and Image-based Macro adults, males and dietary nutrients females; includes assessment pregnant women method/WFR
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From page 445... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating Three studies No statistically The overall Heterogeneity Partially reported good significant quality of was well done/ agreement differences in the 6 studies moderate reported in estimated the WMD of ranged from to high for macronutrients carbohydrate, good to very carbohydrate between the two protein, or fat good. Two (I2 = 63%; methods, two intake were studies were p = .02)
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From page 446... ...
446 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Ho et al., 2020 2 53 children and Image-based Micro adults, males and dietary nutrients females; includes assessment pregnant women method/24-hour dietary recall Ho et al., 2020 3 152 children and Image-based Micro adults, males and dietary nutrients females; includes assessment pregnant women method/WFR
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From page 447... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating One study showed a No statistically One study was Heterogeneity Partially significant positive significant rated as very was not well done/ correlation with differences were good quality, present for reported iron and vitamin C, found in the with 9–10 iron (I2 = and the other study WMDs of iron or points, and 0%; p = .38) provided mean vitamin C intake.
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From page 448... ...
448 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Tugault- 15 2,576 school-aged School meal Relative Lafleur et al., children recalls/ accuracy 2017 observational method (i.e., in-person meal observations, digital photography, WMD Tugault- 1 24 school-aged Estimated Relative Lafleur et al., children food records/ accuracy 2017 observational method (i.e., in-person meal observation Tugault- 1 46 school-aged FFQs/4-day Relative Lafleur et al., children estimated food accuracy 2017 record
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From page 449... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating Poor accuracy for The relative -- -- Not well individual foods accuracy of done/ reported (omission school meal reported and intrusion rates recalls is poor > 15%, n = 8 of 12 for individual studies)
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From page 450... ...
450 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Tugault- 2 1,149 school-aged DP methods/ Relative Lafleur et al., children WFRs accuracy 2017
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From page 451... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating In the first study, The findings from -- -- Not well correlation the two studies done/ coefficients indicated suggest that the reported strong positive DP method is a correlations, ranging valid method for from 0.89 to 0.97, estimating the and no statistically dietary intakes, in significant differences terms of the types were found in and amounts of mean amounts for foods consumed, differences in lunch of both homemeal components packed and school estimated by using lunches.
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From page 452... ...
452 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Tugault- 2 282 school-aged The SFC/ Relative Lafleur et al., children observational accuracy 2017 method (i.e., and in-person meal reliability observations, DP, WFRs)
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From page 453... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating In the first study, The relative -- -- Not well the mean difference accuracy of the done/ in estimated EI SFC for measuring reported between the WFTR energy intake and the SFC was is acceptable.
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From page 454... ...
454 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Wehling and 13 4,172 obese adults Diet records/ Accuracy of Lusher, 2019 (BMI ≥ 30) reference self-report method for EI via diet assessing energy records intake
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From page 455... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating Among the obese The present The quality of -- Partially population, nine findings show a the included well done/ studies reported consistent and papers reported the percent of the clear link between generally population who underreporting ranged underreported EI, of energy intake between 50% with estimates and an obese BMI and 100%. The ranging from 19% to in a considerable most common 82% underreporting number of papers result was 63% depending on the included.
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From page 456... ...
456 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Wehling and 12 6,363 obese adults 24-hour dietary Accuracy of Lusher, 2019 (BMI ≥ 30) recall/reference self-report method for EI via 24 assessing energy hour recall intake
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From page 457... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating Among the obese The present The quality of -- Partially population, one findings show a the included well done/ study found consistent and papers reported that reporting clear link between generally of actual intake underreporting ranged ranged from 90% of energy intake between 50% to 98% depending and an obese BMI and 100%. The on whether the in a considerable most common participant had binge number of papers result was 63% eating disorder.
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From page 458... ...
458 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Wehling and 9 22,104 obese adults FFQ/reference Accuracy of Lusher, 2019 (BMI ≥ 30) method for self-reported assessing energy EI via FFQs intake
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From page 459... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating The average The present The quality of -- Partially proportion of findings show a the included well done/ underreporting in consistent and papers reported five studies ranged clear link between generally from 16.8% to 77.5%, underreporting ranged depending on the of energy intake between 50% study setting (clinical and an obese BMI and 100%.
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From page 460... ...
460 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Wehling and 4 1,217 obese adults Food diaries/ Accuracy of Lusher, 2019 (BMI ≥ 30) reference self-reported method for EI via food assessing energy diaries intake
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From page 461... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating One study found that The present The quality of -- Partially low energy reporters findings show a the included well done/ have significantly consistent and papers reported higher BMI when clear link between generally compared with non– underreporting ranged low energy reporters, of EI and an between 50% regardless of sex obese BMI in and 100%.
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From page 462... ...
462 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Wehling and 3 23,482 obese adults DHQ/reference Accuracy of Lusher, 2019 (BMI ≥ 30) method for self-reported assessing energy EI via the intake DHQ NOTE: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; DHQ = diet history questionnaire; DLW = doubly labeled water; DP = digital photography; EI = energy intake; FFQ = food frequency questionnaire; FR = food record; IBDA = image-based dietary assessment; ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient; MJ = megajoule; SFC = School Food Checklist; TEE = total energy expenditure; WFR = weighted food record; WMD = weighted mean difference.
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From page 463... ...
Risk of Bias Studies Rating One study found The present The quality of -- Partially that 17.5% of obese findings show a the included well done/ females and 5.5% consistent and papers reported of obese males clear link between generally underreport EI, and underreporting ranged that no significant of EI and an between 50% differences in obese BMI in and 100%. The accuracy of a considerable most common reporting exists number of papers result was 63% when compared included.
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From page 464... ...
rapid weight loss on body composition and RMR: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition 124(11)
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From page 465... ...
2003. Influence of distribution of lean body mass on resting metabolic rate after weight loss and weight regain: Comparison of responses in white and black women.
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From page 466... ...
2014. Long term maintenance of weight loss with non-surgical interventions in obese adults: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials.
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From page 467... ...
2013. A systematic review of physical activity levels in Native American populations in Canada and the United States in the last 50 years.
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From page 468... ...
2018. Body mass index, abdominal adiposity, weight gain and risk of developing hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of more than 2.3 million participants.
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From page 469... ...
2021. Causal role of high body mass index in multiple chronic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies.
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From page 470... ...
2017. Effects of weight loss interventions for adults who are obese on mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
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From page 471... ...
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the validity of current technologies. British Journal of Sports Medicine 54(6)
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From page 472... ...
2010. Relative changes in resting energy expenditure during weight loss: A systematic review.
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From page 473... ...
2019. Associations between the rate, amount, and composition of weight loss as predictors of spontaneous weight regain in adults achieving clinically significant weight loss: A systematic review and meta-regression.
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From page 474... ...
2019. Intentional weight loss, weight cycling, and endometrial cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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From page 475... ...
2019. Body weight fluctuation was associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, all cause and cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Key Terms
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