Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research State of the Science and Future Needs (2023) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Data on Nonhuman Primate Use in NIH-Supported Biomedical Research
Appendix B: Data on Nonhuman Primate Use in NIH-Supported Biomedical Research
Pages 203-234
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From page 203... ...
Therefore, these data should be reviewed with the understanding that the numbers presented do not reflect NHP holding and use in the specific context of NIH-supported research. Despite these limitations, the USDA data provide a foundation for understanding the general distribution of NHP holdings and use in the United States over time, and these data can be categorized by stakeholders, some of which are largely or entirely supported by NIH (e.g., National Primate Research Centers [NPRCs]
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On-Site in Fiscal Year 2021, by Stakeholder Type National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) a 27,067 NHPs California NPRC Emory NPRC Oregon NPRC Southwest NPRC Tulane NPRC Wisconsin NPRC Washington NPRC National Resources Supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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Annual Report Holding and Use Data from All Facilities with 400 or More Nonhuman Primates (NHPs) Total NHPs Held Total NHPs Fiscal Year (FY)
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191 227 418 AbbVie 85 316 401 Total 40,108 65,674 105,782 NOTE: This table includes the 35 facilities holding or using 400 or more NHPs per fiscal year; facilities are listed from most to least total NHPs reported to USDA. a "Total NHPs held" describes the number of animals being bred, conditioned, or held for use in teaching, testing, experiments, research, or surgery but not yet used for such purposes (USDA, 2021)
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TABLE B-3 U.S. Department of Agriculture Annual Report Holding and Use Data from Facilities with Fewer than 400 Nonhuman Primates (NHPs)
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2 79 81 Sinclair Research Center, LLC*
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0 15 15 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 8 7 15 Albert Einstein College of Medicine* 6 9 15 Neuralink 0 15 15 The Ohio State University*
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. c "Total NHPs" describes the number of NHPs reported to be held, bred, or conditioned for research purposes but not yet used and the number of NHPs used for research purposes in the identified fiscal year.
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Number of Nonhuman Primates Imported Nonhuman Primate Species FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 Cynomolgus macaque 32,273 24,879 30,649 31,617 Rhesus macaque 964 724 80 0 African green monkey 328 720 711 808 Common marmoset 195 326 284 172 Squirrel monkey 30 34 68 60 Capuchin 15 0 40 86 Other* 13 45 12 68 Total 33,818 26,728 31,844 32,811 *
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TABLE B-6 Number of Nonhuman Primates Imported, by Country and Fiscal Year (FY) Country of Net Change Origin FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2019–2021 Argentina 1 0 0 0 –1 Barbados 0 192 144 361 +144 Cambodia 8,571 15,664 18,870 19,618 +10,299 Canada 17 40 80 0 +63 China 20,270 3,723 0 0 –20,270 Czech Republic 0 4 0 0 0 France 0 0 0 12 0 Germany 39 4 0 0 –39 Guyana 52 40 101 187 +49 Indonesia 0 0 120 600 +120 Mauritius 3,540 5,032 10,069 8,312 +6,529 Mexico*
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SOURCE: CDC, 2023. NHP Resources at NPRCs and National Resources As described in Chapter 3, NPRCs and National Resources receive funding from NIH's Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP)
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Holdings and Usage Data Reported by National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs)
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These tables do not report which species are being bred in colonies at NPRCs and National Resources. TABLE B-9 Nonhuman Primate Species Held or Used at National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs)
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of the NHPs bred by National Resources were rhesus macaques. TABLE B-11 Reported Number of Nonhuman Primates Produced Annually at National Primate Research Centers, by Species, Fiscal Year 2021 Nonhuman Primate Species Annual Production from Breeding African green, vervet, or grivet 0 Baboon 100 Squirrel monkey 0 Titi monkey 7 White-capped mangabey 0 All owl monkey species 0 All capuchin species 0
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TABLE B-12 Reported Number of Nonhuman Primates Produced Annually at the National Resources, by Species, Fiscal Year 2021 Nonhuman Primate Species Annual Production from Breeding African green, vervet, or grivet 46 Baboon 98 Squirrel monkey 21 Titi monkey 0 White-capped mangabey 0 All owl monkey species 46 All capuchin species 0 Common marmoset 36 Macaque -- crab-eating, cynomolgus, or longtailed 0 Macaque -- Japanese 0 Macaque -- pig-tailed 70 Macaque -- rhesus 1,011 Sooty mangabey 0 Total 1,328 NOTE: These data may include NHPs produced in breeding colonies not directly supported by Office of Research Infrastructure Programs funding. SOURCE: National Resources Information Request, 2022.
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TABLE B-14 Total Number of Nonhuman Primates Produced Annually at National Resources, Fiscal Year 2021 National Resource Annual Production from Breeding Wake Forest University 46 Caribbean Primate Research Center 732 MD Anderson Cancer Center 365 The Johns Hopkins University 185 Total 1,328 NOTE: These data may include NHPs produced by breeding colonies not directly supported by Office of Research Infrastructure Programs funding. SOURCE: National Resources Information Request, 2022.
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TABLE B-15 Responding Investigators by the Primary Institution in Which They Carry Out Their Research Institution in Which Nonhuman Primate Research Is Carried Out Number of Survey Respondents National Primate Research Center 82 National Resource or academic center with breeding colony 23 Other academic center 153 Commercial organization 13 Federal laboratory 1 Total Respondents 272 NOTE: Table generated from responses to Question 113 from the NHP Investigators Survey. SOURCE: NHP Investigators Survey, 2022.
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10 Cancer 10 Infectious Diseases – parasitic 7 Blood Disorders 7 Auditory System Function & Disorders 7 Toxicology 6 Musculoskeletal & Neuromusculoskeletal Disorders 5 Welfare/Behavioral Management 3 Dental/Oral Disease 1 Urologic Diseases 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Awards FIGURE B-1 Research domains for responding nonhuman primate researchers across all reported National Institutes of Health awards. NOTES: Counts add to more than the number of responding investigators (n = 250)
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NPRC = National Primate Research Center. SOURCE: NHP Investigators Survey, 2022.
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2018–2021 NPRC FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 California NPRC 86 160 150 23 Tulane NPRC 13 363 2 241 Wisconsin NPRC 0 7 0 14 Washington NPRC 112 51 44 75 Emory NPRC 0 0 0 22 Southwest NPRC 222 302 69 50 Oregon NPRC 175 217 221 66 Totals 608 1,100 486 491 SOURCE: NPRC Information Request, 2022. TABLE B-19 Numbers of Nonhuman Primates Provided by National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs)
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TABLE B-21 Numbers of Nonhuman Primates Provided by National Resources to External National Institutes of Health–Funded Researchers for Use in Research Conducted at the National Resource Facility, Fiscal Years (FY) 2018–2021 National Resource FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 Wake Forest University 81 35 11 34 Caribbean Primate Research Center 1,885 1,942 1,694 1,646 MD Anderson Cancer Center 62 64 40 108 The Johns Hopkins University 0 0 0 0 Totals 2,028 2,041 1,745 1,788 SOURCE: National Resources Information Request, 2022.
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TABLE B-23 National Primate Research Center (NPRC) and National Resources Perspectives on Challenges to Meeting Researcher Demand for Nonhuman Primates Reported Challenges Faced by NPRCs Number of Reporting and National Resources in Meeting Number of Reporting National Resources That Changes in Demand for Nonhuman NPRCs That Selected the Selected the Response Primates Response (n = 7)
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44 25 * Other issues reported as write-in responses related to challenges with obtaining NHPs were similar to those provided as options for the survey and included lack of availability of nonhuman primates with needed characteristics, delays related to COVID-19, limitations in NIH funding, available space, and staffing issues, among others.
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Respondents were able to select up to three priority research domains. A total of 259 respondents provided input on priority domains.
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SOURCE: NPRC Information Request, 2022.
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SOURCE: National Resources Information Request, 2022. No available, comprehensive data sources describe the number of NHPs used in NIHsupported research or how NHPs are used across different research domains.
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Use by Research Domain among NHP Researchers Responding to the Committee's Survey Research Domains of Current National Institutes of Health Awards Reported by Responding Investigators Number of NHPs Used HIV/AIDS 6,310 Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience 4,537 Behavior & Psychological Research (including animal welfare) 4,511 Reproductive Health 4,301 Molecular Neuroscience 3,310 Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders (excluding diabetes)
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NHP Species Projected for Future Use (n = 258) Macaque -- rhesus 82 Macaque -- crab-eating, cynomolgus, or longtailed 22 Common marmoset 11 Baboon 11 Macaque -- pig-tailed 8 African green, vervet, or grivet 6 Squirrel monkey 3 Other -- write In 2 All capuchin species 2 Macaque -- Japanese 2 All owl monkey species 1 Titi monkey 0.4 Sooty mangabey 0 White-capped mangabey 0 NOTES: Table generated from responses to Question 118 from the NHP Investigators Survey.
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TABLE B-30 Openness Practices for Scientific Rigor among Nonhuman Primate Researchers Responding to the Committee's Survey Number of Percentage of Respondents All Respondents Openness Practices (n = 263)
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1. Proportion of nonhuman primates at NPRCs that undergo necropsy examinations a.
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Document provided to the Commit tee on the State of the Science and Future Needs for Nonhuman Primate Model Systems on August 10, 2022. Available by request through the National Academies' Public Access Records Office.
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2018. Nonhuman primate evaluation and analysis Part 1: Analysis of future demand and supply.
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