Intergenerational Poverty and Mobility Among Native Americans in the United States Proceedings of a Workshop (2023) / Chapter Skim
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4 Drivers and Interventions of Intergenerational Poverty Among Native Americans
4 Drivers and Interventions of Intergenerational Poverty Among Native Americans
Pages 23-34
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ROLE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Matt Gregg (senior economist, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis) began with an overview of what is known about AIAN intergenerational mobility.
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First, tribal members are "effectively shut out of access to housing wealth." While tribal members on trust land can own homes, there are many hurdles to building wealth, including a long mortgage process that involves several government agencies, higher cost for mortgages for mobile homes, and a lack of banking services on reservations. The second driver of intergenerational poverty, said Gregg, is the historical undermining of tribal self-determination.
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. Schooling has been a key tool in the assimilation of Native communities, and the source of many harms, she said, noting that in the United States there were 408 boarding schools that were aimed at "eradicating Indigenous intellectual, cultural, and linguistic forms of life." These schools were funded by the wealth that was derived from territorial acquisition and land theft from Native people (Newland, 2022)
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Over the past 15 years, scores of AIAN students in public schools have remained relatively flat or decreased, whereas during the same period the scores of those attending schools operated by tribes have increased in both reading and math. Bang said that "where education self-determination and tribal sovereignty is most likely to be exercised, we do see educational improvement." Educational Principles Bang introduced workshop participants to several high-level principles from the science of learning and development (National Academies, 2018)
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DRIVERS AND INTERVENTIONS OF INTERGENERATIONAL POVERTY 27 FIGURE 4-1 Trends in reading and math scores among 4th and 8th grade AIAN students. SOURCES: Megan Bang presentation, July 25, 2022 (slides 7 and 14)
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Bang said that she is encouraged by the White House's recent commitment to elevate Indigenous knowledge in federal policy decisions; this move is a recognition that Indigenous people have knowledge systems and ways of knowing that are important for all people to learn about and understand. In closing, Bang urged the committee to consider four areas in which action is needed to break the cycle of intergenerational poverty.
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Redbird said that the current federal definition undercounts Indians who have stronger tribal attachments, which also happens to be the group least well served by federal policies. In addition, there is no sampling frame for Indian country; that is, there is no framework for creating nationally rep resentative data on Native people.
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Before considering ways to improve data on Native American populations, said Redbird, it is imperative to ensure that efforts are conducted in collaboration and partnership with tribes, and that data sovereignty guides all aspects of data collection. ROLE OF HEALTH AND WELL-BEING A healthy population translates into a productive, stable, and secure tribal nation, said Karina Walters (professor, University of Washington)
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The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 put protections in place to prevent Native children from being removed from Indian homes, and the Child Welfare League formally apologized for its role in 2001. The boarding schools that were instituted in the late-1800s and 1900s are a prime example of ethnocidal policies, as they sought to separate Indian children from their languages, cultures, and traditions.
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This would have massive implications around trust responsibilities and treaty rights, she said. Gregg added that revisiting the trust relationship between the tribes and the federal government is a critical piece of facilitating tribally controlled economic development.
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The consequences of these housing conditions were seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, when the virus spread quickly in some Native American communities. There are current and future opportunities to address overcrowded and unsafe housing conditions, said Walters, including through rental assistance for Native veterans, the Native American Housing Assistance and Self Determination Act, and the Urban Indian Health Parity Act.
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CLOSING In closing, Bang noted that many of the issues discussed -- lack of good data, underfunded health care systems, inadequate housing, poor educational outcomes, and barriers to mobility -- are in part a manifestation of the mis-education of the American population. The historical efforts to eradicate Native Americans and the current lack of education about and attention to Native Americans make it possible for these inequities to persist.
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