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From page 26... ... 26 CHAPTER 3. FINDINGS - SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES, TRENDS, ISSUES, AND MEASURES This chapter describes the relationships between transportation system objectives (e.g., safety, state of good repair, reliability) Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... 27 SAFETY OBJECTIVE Most state DOTs have embraced an objective of reducing the number of fatalities on their roadways to zero. States may be aligned with the Toward Zero Deaths campaign, the National Safety Council's Road to Zero campaign, or the Vision Zero model first implemented in Sweden in the 1990's. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... 28 Figure 7: The influence the other objectives, trends or issues have on safety. Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... 29 Figure 8: The influence safety has on the other objectives, trends, and issues. RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES The CIHS and CIT2019 reports addressed safety as Ensuring Safety While Accommodating a Growing and Changing Vehicle Fleet and Safety and Public Health, respectively. Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... 30 integrating vehicles and highways through increased connectivity. The trends and issues noted below were identified through the CIHS and CIT2019 reports and this research. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... 31 between 2010 and 2060 will be uneven across the country. The indication is there will be more of the population shifting toward metropolitan centers, an increasing urbanization of the country, and that the number of counties, mostly rural, that are projected to experience a population decline is larger than the number of counties forecast to gain population. Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... 32 has a website titled Connected and Automated Vehicles Tool Kit: A Primer for Counties: that catalogues policy documents from multiple sources.13 The National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) maintains a searchable database on autonomous vehicle bills that have been introduced in State legislatures called the Autonomous Vehicles State Bill Tracking Database.14 State and local transportation agencies can use these resources to stay abreast of and, potentially, coordinate legislation and policies that effectively and efficiently advance and deploy CAVs. Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... 33 comprehensive and nuanced data that will inform better decisions and help create a safer transportation system for all users. Many automobile manufacturers are now including systems that monitor a vehicle's functions in the vehicles they are currently selling. Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... 34 • Connecticut Department of Transportation: To develop a tool to improve the State's behavioral safety decision-making by integrating crash and roadway information with data on citations, toxicology, and hospital injury data. • Maryland Department of Transportation State Highway Administration: To develop and implement a data analytics and visualization dashboard using mobile device location data and electric scooter trip data. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... 35 STATE OF GOOD REPAIR OBJECTIVE To maintain capital assets in a condition sufficient for the assets to operate at a full level of performance. This involves repairing or replacing assets as appropriate and performing preventative maintenance to maximize the useful life of the assets. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... 36 Figure 9: The influence the other objectives, trends or issues have on the state of good repair. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... 37 Figure 10: The influence the state of good repair has on the other objectives, trends and issues. RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES Rebuilding the System Foundations. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... 38 program is the shear mass of the stock of roads, over 227,000 lane miles along 46,000 centerline miles.17 Even recently built sections from the 70's and 80's will require rebuilding in coming decades. Research suggests that "the U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... 39 than two decades. A 1997 study from the National Center for Construction Education and Research (NCCER) Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... 40 grow into megaregions spanning multiple states successful cross-agency cooperation will be necessary to establish and maintain integrated and efficient networks.' With interconnected systems managed by multiple jurisdictions, coordinating asset management plans to ensure system upgrades or rebuilding are coordinated and complementary will influence the state of good repair of these systems. This is compounded by the cost of system maintenance. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... 41 attempt to solve congestion problems through additional roadway capacity will affect the stock of roadway lane miles. Alternately, if travel demand management policies (congestion pricing, telework, transit systems) Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... 42 Lastly, there are a steady stream of market ready construction techniques and contracting innovations that are routinely being advanced. Construction Manager/General Contractor (CM/GC) Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... 43 The current federal performance measures for pavement are based on the share of pavements in ‘good' or ‘poor' condition (with an accompanying index for calculating what represents those conditions) for two classes of roads (Interstate and Non-Interstate) Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... 44 destructive testing is not definitive and destructive testing (cores) damages structures.33 Technology advancements enable embedded sensors to assess and monitor the foundational integrity, condition and service capability of highway system assets. Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... 45 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE The principal economic objective of transportation infrastructure is to offer efficient movement of people and goods at a competitive cost. There are four principal ways transportation choices can achieve an economic objective. Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... 46 that reductions in crashes, delay or emissions can. Ex-post evaluation of economic outcomes can take a very long time and is beyond the resources of most agencies. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... 47 and enables economic activity. To the extent that the access is multimodal, including active transportation, it enhances the system's mobility and to the extent that the access is affordable and evenly distributes costs and benefits, it embraces an equitable system. Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... 48 Figure 11: The influence the other objectives, trends or issues have on economic development. Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... 49 Figure 12: The influence economic development has on the other objectives, trends and issues. RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES Expanding & Managing Urban System Capacity & Changing Centers of Population and Economic Activity One of the foundational reports driving this research, ‘Renewing the National Commitment to the Interstate Highway System: A Foundation for the Future (CIHS) Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... 50 two demographic trends / population shifts that will place demands on transportation agencies and influence economic development opportunities.40 Population migration south and west. Based on projected population growth to 2060 from 2010 census data and forecasts, the CIHS's projections indicate that populations will continue to grow the most in areas currently served by or connected to the Interstate System. Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... 51 continuing to WFH means less commuting into city centers and less spending on a range of services including dining, shopping, and entertainment near where they work. A University of Chicago study found that a shift to WFH of even 20% of work hours for occupations that can make this shift will have direct economic consequences for major city centers by lowering sales tax revenue for cities that had high rates of inward commuting before the pandemic.43 A Pew Research Center survey also found that workers' ability to do their job from home varies considerably by industry. Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... 52 If this desire for distancing is also applied to mass transit, those systems will be challenged to move large volumes of workers in and out of city centers and that could present real challenges for these systems. While the numbers vary around the country, throughout 2020 major subway systems in New York, Chicago, Washington DC, and San Francisco saw precipitous declines in ridership. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... 53 Speed of delivery is a defining feature of consumer behavior and is reflected in research and survey work done by the Coldwell Banker Richard Ellis (CBRE) Real Estate Firm. Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... 54 traditional brick-and-mortar replenishment and ten times higher than wholesale fulfillment. All the while, customers demand a seamless omnichannel journey55. Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... 55 This utilization of space in an urban area differently was also reflected in a Deloitte study on the Future of Industrial Real Estate: ‘In addition, some owners are repurposing vacant or near-vacant nonindustrial real estate spaces to provide more options for renters seeking warehouses in closer proximity to consumers. While retailers are converting stores into smaller showrooms and using the additional space as small warehouses for faster fulfillment, owners of some older office buildings are also converting vacant spaces into industrial real estate. Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... 56 ‘Transportation infrastructure and services are provided at multiple levels of government each of which has a role in planning, funding, and managing some aspect of transportation infrastructure. These systems connect with each other and span jurisdictional lines. Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... 57 MEASURES Economic development effects of transportation are largely derived from changes in transportation costs, accessibility, business location or direct stimulus (as described at the outset of this section.) Figure 14 is from NCHRP 786. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... 58 7.6% and notes that for the last decade (2010 – 2020) this percentage had stayed between 7.3% and 7.9%. Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... 59 MOBILITY OBJECTIVE The objective of mobility is for the transportation system to provide and enable modal options to all stakeholders to access goods, services, activities and destinations. RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER OBJECTIVES As noted in the sections on accessibility, equity, and economic development there are strong interdependent relationships between these objectives and mobility. Read the entire page →
From page 60... ... 60 Figure 15: The influence the other objectives, trends or issues have on mobility. Read the entire page →
From page 61... ... 61 Figure 16: The influence mobility has on the other objectives, trends and issues. RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES Land Use Policy. Read the entire page →
From page 62... ... 62 by creating convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and attractive environments for present and future generations. Transportation and land use are tightly intertwined and in a great many ways form a feedback loop between them. Read the entire page →
From page 63... ... 63 VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled (fee) / MBUF Mileage Based User Fee. Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... 64 Figure 17: Multimodal mobility measures from FDOT's Mobility Measures Program. The market for personal mobility is changing due to the technological advancements like smart phones, sensor data and cloud storage, and focus is growing on new mobility concepts like ridesharing and demand-responsive transit. Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... 65 transport; percent of Queenslanders able to access Mobility as a Service solutions, and; percent of journeys involving active transport. Figure 18: Queensland TMR Performance Measures. Read the entire page →
From page 66... ... 66 each alternative takes advantage of different incentives provided to influence traveler behavior, they all have the same strategic intent – move travelers away from the use of owner-operated private vehicles. Advancing MAAS options provide added value to transportation network performance by increasing the use of public transit, increasing modal shares, improving transportation efficiency, and reducing the network's carbon footprint. Read the entire page →
From page 67... ... 67 ACCESSIBILITY OBJECTIVE The objective of accessibility is for the transportation system to provide and enable affordable access by all stakeholders to goods, services, activities, and destinations, or quite simply, access to opportunity. Accessibility in this context is different than access management of roadways, most notably the Interstate Highway System, to maintain or improve its speed and/or throughput. Read the entire page →
From page 68... ... 68 Figure 20: The influence the other objectives, trends or issues have on accessibility. Read the entire page →
From page 69... ... 69 Figure 21: The influence accessibility has on the other objectives, trends and issues. RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES Expanding & Managing Urban System Capacity & Changing Centers of Population and Economic Activity. Read the entire page →
From page 70... ... 70 between 2010 and 2060 will be uneven across the country, with more of the population shifting toward metropolitan centers leading to an increasing urbanization of the country. It is estimated that the number of counties that are projected to experience a population decline is larger than the number of counties forecast to gain population and that most of the counties that will see a decline are rural counties. Read the entire page →
From page 71... ... 71 Governance. The CIT2019 Report clearly identified coordinated governance as a driver to successful system management. Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... 72 • Accessibility should consider financial as well as time costs • Analyses should reflect the variability of travel time costs75 As stated previously, effective performance management necessitates quantifiable performance measures. However, the complex nature of access to opportunity makes quantification difficult. Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... 73 issue into a narrow definition. This challenges the adoption of access to opportunity as a widely used measure of transportation system performance. Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... 74 EQUITY OBJECTIVE Many state transportation agencies are moving toward considering equity as an objective in transportation decision-making. While the concept of equity in transportation is not new, a concerted effort to measure equity effects of transportation investment is moving from niche to mainstream. Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... 75 Figure 24: The influence the other objectives, trends or issues have on equity. Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... 76 Figure 25: The influence equity has on the other objectives, trends and issues. RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES Land Use Policy. Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... 77 by creating convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and attractive environments for present and future generations. Transportation and land use are tightly intertwined and in a great many ways form a feedback loop between them. Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... 78 Expanding & Managing Urban System Capacity & Changing Centers of Population and Economic Activity. The trends and issues in the CIHS and CIT2019 reports and this research indicate that the condition of current infrastructure will necessitate a major rebuilding of the system's foundations. Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... 79 The preference for and convenience of WFH is not the only dynamic reinforcing this trend. A Pew Research study noted that concerns about being exposed to the coronavirus as the second highest reason people chose to WFH; that exposure concern could persist well into the future. Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... 80 Transformational Technologies and Services. Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... 81 Vehicle Miles Traveled (Fee) / Mileage Based User Fee. Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... 82 wherein they outline standards for assessing Title VI compliance. The standards relate to public involvement, analysis, and content of Regional Transportation Plans (RTPs) Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... 83 Figure 27: Frequently encountered equity components of essential MPO planning documents. The Oakland Department of Transportation (OakDOT) Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... 84 o CalEnviroScreen, that identifies California communities by census tract that are disproportionately vulnerable to multiple sources of pollution. o The Oakland DOT Safety Map, that provides information on corridors and intersections that see high severe and fatal traffic crashes for all transportation modes. Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... 85 Figure 29: Queensland TMR Performance Measures. Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... 86 RELIABILITY OBJECTIVE The objective of a reliable system is to provide users with a steady, firm range of predictable travel times. Reliability for a system, or part of a system, is defined as the quality and variability of travel time with the key objective being the reduction in the variability in the travel time experienced by the user for a trip. Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... 87 Figure 30: The influence the other objectives, trends or issues have on reliability. Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... 88 Figure 31: The influence reliability has on the other objectives, trends and issues. RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES There are many recurring and non-recurring trends and issues to system reliability that are well researched and documented as part of the operations discipline. Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... 89 were identified through the CIHS and CIT2019 reports and this research. Some warrant maintaining a situational awareness of their development so they can be factored into decisionmaking to support the reliability objective and others have potential direct impact on system reliability. Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... 90 Land Use Policy. Governments at all levels manage the development and use of land within their jurisdictions. Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... 91 The work on vehicle automation is working hand in glove with vehicle connectivity – to other vehicles, to the infrastructure, to V2X vehicle to everything. The STAs continue to actively research the impacts of connected vehicles and automated vehicles on state and local transportation agencies through several research projects. Read the entire page →
From page 92... ... 92 in 202094. Assets that are not functional due to the impacts of climate change and don't have redundant capacity will influence system reliability. Read the entire page →
From page 93... ... 93 • Percent of the person-miles traveled on the Interstate that are reliable (referred to as the Interstate Travel Time Reliability measure) ; and • Percent of person-miles traveled on the non-Interstate NHS that are reliable (referred to as the Non-Interstate Travel Time Reliability measure) Read the entire page →
From page 94... ... 94 Examples of a few tools available on "Probe Data Analytics Suite" are provided below: o Historic Probe Data Explorer: Provides insights on trends and patterns of roadway congestion between a given data range. o Travel Time Comparison: Provides charts comparing segment travel time during different time periods in a day. Read the entire page →
From page 95... ... 95 corridor. Understanding downstream performance enables system operators to identify bottleneck emergence that might spillback to the corridor, and upstream performance for detecting traffic load buildup heading towards the corridor. Read the entire page →
From page 96... ... 96 RESILIENCY OBJECTIVE. FHWA defines resilience as ‘the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and adapt to changing conditions and withstand, respond to, and recover rapidly from disruptions.'99 The objective of resiliency is for individual system assets or larger elements of the system capacity to be able perform or rapidly recover their functions under predictable or unpredictable events. Read the entire page →
From page 97... ... 97 Figure 32: The influence the other objectives, trends or issues have on resiliency. Read the entire page →
From page 98... ... 98 Figure 33: The influence resiliency has on the other objectives, trends and issues. RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES The CIHS and CIT2019 reports address resiliency as Adding Resilience and Resilience and Security respectively. Read the entire page →
From page 99... ... 99 systems, how those impacts are likely to manifest, and which system segments are most vulnerable. It would involve determining where, how or if to build in redundancy or abandon facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 100... ... 100 continuing to fund robust research and innovation programs. The report made two points relative to these trends and issues. Read the entire page →
From page 101... ... 101 • Colorado DOT has established a procedure and spreadsheet tool for quantifying risk from flooding, rockfall and debris flow to support prioritization of resilience investments.103 The tool estimates agency and user costs of these risks. CDOT applied the approach to analyzing resilience needs for the Interstate 70 corridor. Read the entire page →
From page 102... ... 102 decision makers to make more informed decisions about climate change resilience, recovery, and adaptation. The website, toolkit.climate.gov, is easy to navigate and contains finished products that represent decades of research and data collection that can be immediately accessed by the public. Read the entire page →
From page 103... ... 103 Disaster Recovery Tracking Tool The Disaster Recovery Tracking Tool is a web-based tool for tracking progress towards recovery. The tool uses 84 metrics based on baseline and current data for officials to make decisions on how to prioritize recovery activities. Read the entire page →
From page 104... ... 104 on the network. The analysis from pilot 1 was leveraged to provide further insights regarding where on the network V2I technology could be the most effectively deployed. Read the entire page →
From page 105... ... 105 SUSTAINABILITY OBJECTIVE Sustainability emphasizes the importance of considering the long-term consequences of today's decisions. Various frameworks and definitions have been proposed for sustainability that, while they may differ in their specifics, share this common theme. Read the entire page →
From page 106... ... 106 carefully targeted investments to improve reliability and mobility, and to foster economic development may enhance sustainability if they reduce emissions through reducing congestion and/or shifting drivers to other modes of travel. In figure 35 sustainability has the strongest potential influence on equity and economic development, as improvements that enhance sustainability may also influence these objectives. Read the entire page →
From page 107... ... 107 Figure 35: The influence sustainability has on the other objectives, trends and issues. RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES The CIT2019 report describes the challenges of achieving sustainability and relationship of sustainability to other areas under the topic ‘Energy and Sustainability.' The report notes that drastic reductions in GHG are needed to avoid the possibility of catastrophic climate change and notes the following (paraphrased from the original text) Read the entire page →
From page 108... ... 108 • Given that the price of transportation fuel, motor fuel taxes and other transportation fees do not reflect the social and environmental costs that transportation imposes, we cannot rely on market forces alone to identify and apply environmentally sustainable energy sources for transportation. • As nations impose GHG emissions limitations, automakers are shifting to greater production of electric, plug-in hybrid, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, raising questions about the public role in encouraging electrification. Read the entire page →
From page 109... ... 109 [emphasis added] will accelerate consumer acceptance of fully electric cars," Volvo said.112 Ford and Volkswagen plan to introduce dozens of new electric models in the years ahead. Read the entire page →
From page 110... ... 110 Effect on the Electrical Grid. In 2019, the global EV stock consumed almost 80 TWh of electricity. Read the entire page →
From page 111... ... 111 option in dense urban areas where multi-unit/apartment complex dwellings are more prevalent, home charging access is scarce and workplace charging is restrictive, or for fleets such as taxis or ride-hailing services. Alternative Fuel Corridors (AFC) Read the entire page →
From page 112... ... 112 vehicle batteries increase, the development of an effective recycling industry will be essential. Countries representing the three largest electric car markets, China, the EU and the U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 113... ... 113 goods movement in either direction. This was a key finding in NCHRP Report 750 – Strategic Issues Facing Transportation: Scenario Planning for Freight Transportation Infrastructure Investment123. Read the entire page →
From page 114... ... 114 panel vans, medium-duty box trucks in urban and P&D operations, Class 7 and 8 trucks and tractors in drayage and short regional hauls, and possibly yard tractors, said NACFE executive director Mike Roeth. "These will be battery-electrics only," he said. Read the entire page →
From page 115... ... 115 up and redeveloping abandoned rail rights-of-way to reestablish routes to legacy distribution centers that are currently languishing within cities, to push their services back into city centers closer to the customer and end user. As brick-and-mortar retail diminishes, demand for industrial warehouse and distribution space is experiencing an upswing, particularly near urban areas. Read the entire page →
From page 116... ... 116 by incorporating value-adding activities, such as store preparation and waste packaging collection. With the advent of WFH impacting commercial real estate in urban cores, it could be that space within the core ideally suited for this purpose could be realized. Read the entire page →
From page 117... ... 117 system will also become more frequent and more severe. Currently, road maintenance costs vary widely by state, with states with less temperate climate conditions spending more on maintenance.144 Climate change induced weather events will likely have more costly impacts on the state of good repair because the conditions created will be outside the design maxima of existing infrastructure. Read the entire page →
From page 118... ... 118 performance objectives. The research team developed a process called STREAM - Systematic Technology Reconnaissance, Evaluation, and Adoption Methodology, to evaluate technologies considering their effects on agency goals as well as barriers in implementation. Read the entire page →
From page 119... ... 119 • Minnesota DOT prepares an annual sustainability report detailing the agency's sustainability efforts and results. The 2019 report includes details on progress towards meeting six sustainability goals established by Minnesota state law and executive orders:151 − Reduced Fleet Fossil Fuel Consumption: 30% reduction of state fleet consumption of fossil fuels by 2027 relative to a 2017 adjusted baseline. Read the entire page →
From page 120... ... 120 developed a Biodiversity Plan which defined biodiversity, made the case for biodiversity across the SRN, and laid out an action plan.155 As part of the action plan, Highways England produces an annual biodiversity report which summarizes progress and achievements in the previous year. This effort includes developing a biodiversity measure, most recently described in the Biodiversity Report 2017-2018, which includes three components: distinctiveness, condition, and area.156 Distinctiveness is a measure of habitat rareness, identified using satellite imagery and on-site surveys. Read the entire page →
From page 121... ... 121 another way to improve system performance by providing feedback to the system managers on the effectiveness of the projects and policies they apply to the system. Current transportation system performance measures predominantly focus on descriptive analytics. Read the entire page →
From page 122... ... 122 PILOT STUDY RESULTS Reliability - Pilot One addressed the system objective of reliability by evaluating high demand areas (major traffic generators) Read the entire page →
From page 123... ... 123 Four measures were developed for network performance. Each operates at a different level of granularity. Read the entire page →
From page 124... ... 124 probe data (for count, travel time and mileage metrics) , and utilize tap-in and tap-out data from the transit provider, that was aggregated and accounted for in the flow of trips conducted using the train service. Read the entire page →
From page 125... ... 125 A mileage index measured the length of trips and the number of trips through a particular area. A V2I location along long trip routes or at locations that serve multiple trip types could maximize that location's effectiveness in demand management. Read the entire page →
From page 126... ... 126 Figure 37: The pilot studies' unified data set schematic. While the pilot studies utilized a unified dataset acquired for a metropolitan area, the use of a unified dataset is not limited to metropolitan areas. Read the entire page →
From page 127... ... 127 Once ingested, preparation moves to quality determination, starting with comparison to ground truth (e.g., camera data) and data source performance evaluation. Read the entire page →
From page 128... ... 128 Cloud Computing: a collection of technologies that have been configured to deliver data ingestion, storage, retrieval, processing, and analytics services. This involves decisions on the platforms that can provide system operations, database management and data governance; infrastructure that provides data storage and connectivity, and software applications that support collaboration, communications, and analysis. Read the entire page →

From page 26...

... 26 CHAPTER 3. FINDINGS - SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES, TRENDS, ISSUES, AND MEASURES This chapter describes the relationships between transportation system objectives (e.g., safety, state of good repair, reliability)