Reducing Intergenerational Poverty (2024) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 18-31
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eligibility for legal permanent resident parents* Eliminate the proration of SNAP benefits for citizen children with undocumented parents Family Income, Wealth, and Employment • Work-based Expand the Earned Income Tax Credit by increasing income support payments along some or all portions of the schedule and possibly by providing a credit to families with no earnings*
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Promote sentencing add-ons for violence involving firearms* Child Maltreatment None identified by research to date Racial Disparities A number of the policies and programs listed above have been shown to be effective for Black children and families (See Table C-3-1)
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economy. Children who remain poor into 1 These data are based on Census data compiled over the period from 2012 to 2021 using the Supplemental Poverty Measure.
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data are differences in these intergenerational mobility rates across children in different racial and ethnic groups. Broadly speaking, rates of intergenerational poverty persistence are relatively similar for White, Latino, Asian, and immigrant children, but much higher for native-born Black and, especially, Native American children.3 A congressionally mandated National Academies study committee -- the Committee on Building an Agenda to Reduce the Number of Children in Poverty by Half in 10 Years -- produced a report on short-term strategies for reducing the number of children living in poverty in the United States 2 The "bottom rungs" refers to children growing up with family incomes in the bottom quintile of the distribution, and "well above" is defined as incomes in the top three quintiles of the adult income distribution when they were in their 30s.
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The Committee on Policies and Programs to Reduce Intergenerational Poverty was appointed to carry out this charge. The committee includes 14 members with disciplinary expertise in economics, education, medicine, sociology, social psychology, public health, and developmental psychology, and with subject area expertise in structural racism, labor markets, intergenerational mobility, minority populations, immigration, policy development, and communitybased empowerment work.
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While the participants in these information-gathering sessions were not selected to be representative and do not reflect the full range of perspectives or experiences of those affected by intergenerational poverty, they provided the committee with important contextual information and key narratives for understanding the lived experience of families at risk of intergenerational poverty. These discussions served as a backdrop for the committee's review and assessment of the 4 Parents and caregivers involved in these listening sessions were primarily Black American individuals from southern urban areas.
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available empirical literature, as well as for its deliberations on "best bet" policies and programs for reducing intergenerational poverty. Appendix B provides more detail on key themes and quotes from those sessions.
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Chapter 11 briefly summarizes what the committee has learned and identifies the gaps in the data and research needed to develop effective policies for reducing intergenerational poverty in the United States that the committee regards as most pressing. DEFINING INTERGENERATIONAL POVERTY The Statement of Task explicitly instructs the committee to use an economic definition of intergenerational poverty: the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM)
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Much of the data in this report on intergenerational mobility has been compiled using a ladder-based relative standard; however, both relative and absolute conceptions of poverty were relevant in the committee's search for evidence-based policies and programs that would reduce intergenerational poverty.
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. APPLYING A RACIAL/ETHNIC LENS IN ASSESSING THE EVIDENCE The Statement of Task directs the committee to "apply a racial/ethnic disparities lens" in assessing the evidence on the determinants of and solutions to intergenerational poverty, and to "evaluate the racial disparities and structural factors that contribute to this cycle." The importance of applying a racial disparities lens is highlighted in the research reviewed in Chapter 2, which shows that Black and Native American people are much more likely than White Americans to experience intergenerational poverty and downward economic mobility.
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The committee provides a citation-rich narration of this racialization of Black and Native American people in the United States as well as a review of continuing practices of disparate treatment and their impacts on intergenerational mobility in Chapter 3 and its appendix. Also, in Chapter 3 and throughout the report, we describe empirical trends and patterns in education, health, households, crime and incarceration, and the labor market that
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CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PROGRAM AND POLICY INTERVENTIONS The committee examined research studies across the seven domains and used several criteria to identify policies and programs directed at children currently living in poverty that show strong evidence of reducing those children's chances of being poor as adults. Within each of the seven domains, the committee cast a wide net for programs or policies that might reduce intergenerational poverty, both overall and among children in certain racial and ethnic minority groups.
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Almost all of our featured policy and program ideas for reducing intergenerational poverty are supported by this kind of evidence. In assessing the effectiveness of certain policies and programs, the committee was divided on the question of how to interpret and weigh evidence from correlational studies and qualitative studies about the lived experiences of the children and families who stood to benefit from those under consideration.
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