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From page 183... ... NEIGHBORHOODS AS A DRIVER OF INTERGENERATIONAL POVERTY As discussed in Chapters 2 and 3, the neighborhood environments of low-income children and non-White children differ significantly from those Read the entire page →
From page 184... ... Black and Native American children are more than seven times as likely and Latino children more than four times as likely as White children to live in neighborhoods with poverty rates of 30% or more (see Figure 8-4) Read the entire page →
From page 185... ... However, understanding which aspects of neighborhoods matter most -- e.g., poverty levels, crime rates, labor markets, or residential segregation that Read the entire page →
From page 186... ... . Studies have found several systematic predictors of differences in intergenerational mobility, such as poverty rates, school quality, the degree of inequality, the fraction of children living with single parents, connectedness to high-income people, and historical factors such as redlining and Jim Crow laws. Read the entire page →
From page 187... ... Housing assistance can be in many forms, such as subsidies for the construction and maintenance of housing units, which result in lower rents for low-income households, or vouchers issued to low-income households who use them in the private rental market to pay the difference between the asking rent (up to a certain threshold) and what they can afford, which is set at roughly 30% of their gross income. Read the entire page →
From page 188... ... Then we discuss housing choice vouchers alone, which shows promising evidence for improving children's outcomes in the short term, specifically for unhoused families, but mixed evidence for addressing intergenerational poverty. (In Appendix C: Chapter 8, we give additional information on HCVs alone and housing assistance beyond vouchers, and we discuss the limited evidence on the effects of housing production, neighborhood improvement, and targeted initiatives for Native American families. Read the entire page →
From page 189... ... The elements included in the FSOVA bill, such as a streamlined search process, landlord mediation, and customized support from housing navigators are all based on program elements shown to be effective in CMTO. Although expanding enhanced voucher assistance meets the committee's criteria for being supported by direct evidence, it is not yet supported by evidence that has been replicated across several sites. Read the entire page →
From page 190... ... We discuss the potential role of housing assistance in reducing intergenerational poverty further in Appendix C: Chapter 8. Read the entire page →
From page 191... ... . In evaluating whether crime and the criminal justice system are key drivers of intergenerational poverty, this chapter begins by reviewing evidence on how these factors affect the well-being, development, and intergenerational mobility of children, devoting particular attention to disparities by race and ethnicity. Read the entire page →
From page 192... ... The committee confines its discussion of ways to reduce the disruptive nature of adult and caregiver interaction with the criminal justice system to Appendix C: Chapter 9, owing to the more speculative nature of the interventions considered by the committee. VICTIMIZATION AND EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE AS A DRIVER OF INTERGENERATIONAL POVERTY Low-income and younger people are much more likely than higherincome and older people to report being victims of crime in their neighborhoods and schools (Figure 9-1; Nowicki, 2020; Kearney et al., 2014) Read the entire page →
From page 193... ... . lower exposure to neighborhood crime during adolescence increases intergenerational mobility as measured by their family-income ranking at age 26 (also see Chetty et al., 2014) Read the entire page →
From page 194... ... Concentrated poverty and racial segregation both contribute to higher rates of violent crime (Cox et al., 2022; Peterson & Krivo, 2010) Read the entire page →
From page 195... ... They found that such investments have a direct effect on reducing violent crime in disadvantaged neighborhoods, and indirectly reduce crime by increasing private mortgage investments. Civic engagement is another important predictor of neighborhood crime. Read the entire page →
From page 196... ... Rigorous research shows that neighborhood violent crime can be reduced through community investments and en gagement, certain kinds of policing, and gun safety regulations. YOUTH OFFENDING AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AS DRIVERS OF INTERGENERATIONAL POVERTY The incarcerated population is overwhelmingly poor and less educated, so it is not surprising that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of future incarceration (Looney & Turner, 2018) Read the entire page →
From page 197... ... from the household. Youth involvement in the criminal justice system also varies considerably by income and race; low-income children and Black and Native American children are much more likely to be arrested and detained (Figure 9-2 shows racial differences in arrest rates for all crimes and violent crimes only) Read the entire page →
From page 198... ... Each of these factors is described briefly below. We follow this with a discussion of the effects of the criminal justice system on low-income youth, and especially youth of color, and how the system itself perpetuates intergenerational poverty. Read the entire page →
From page 199... ... These differential declines in child BLLs were then found to be linked with declines in school suspensions, juvenile detention, and adult incarceration (Aizer & Currie, 2019; Grönqvist et al., 2020) Read the entire page →
From page 200... ... As reviewed in Chapter 6, some families took advantage of the openings of casinos on Native American reservations, which resulted in regular government transfers of casino profits to eligible Tribal members, whether or not they were employed in the casinos. This immediately increased family income for the children residing in Native American families, but not other children. Read the entire page →
From page 201... ... . Moreover, while among all young people involvement in the criminal justice system has declined, Black, Latino, and Native American youth are still significantly more likely than their White counterparts to be arrested, referred to court, and placed in out-of-home facilities after adjudication (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2022) Read the entire page →
From page 202... ... . Detaining or incarcerating juveniles for even short periods results in significant human capital costs for them. Read the entire page →
From page 203... ... . Descriptive studies show that fines and fees place a significant financial burden on youth and families, especially low-income and Black, Latino, and Native American families, who have disproportionate contact with the criminal justice system (Feierman et al., 2016; Paik & Packard, Read the entire page →

From page 183...

... NEIGHBORHOODS AS A DRIVER OF INTERGENERATIONAL POVERTY As discussed in Chapters 2 and 3, the neighborhood environments of low-income children and non-White children differ significantly from those