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From page 249... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 249 BOX 8-1 Community Testimonials: Gentrification and the Cost of Living At the committee's public workshop in St. Petersburg, Florida, local home owners discussed the challenges they face with gentrification and the rising cost of living. Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... 250 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION the findings, a complementary driver for suitability assessments of possible resettlement areas. Often, analysis of carrying capacity focuses on physical aspects of a community, such as housing, schools, and utilities (e.g., Keenan's [2019] Read the entire page →
From page 251... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 251 In response to such challenges, Houston has taken proactive measures through the formation of the Houston Community Land Trust (HCLT) in 2018.17 The HCLT exemplifies an innovative approach to preserving and expanding affordable housing options. Read the entire page →
From page 252... ... 252 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION similar to those of the migrant population" (Drew & Jakabovics, 2023, pp. Read the entire page →
From page 253... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 253 Transportation In the CMRC study, transportation was identified as playing a key role in determining whether and how resettlers are able to access economic opportunities and community resources (e.g., health care, education) , as well as where they were able to live (Junod et al., 2023) Read the entire page →
From page 254... ... 254 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION local organizations who worked at the speed of trust23 to initially provide disaster response and help to resettle families, including helping them find apartments, pay rent, and provide them with essential materials for new homes (Pope, 2023) Read the entire page →
From page 255... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 255 TABLE 8-1 Poverty Rates of Coastal Resettlement Destinations within 75–100 Miles from the Coast of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, by County, 2020 National and State County/Parish Poverty Rate (in percent) Read the entire page →
From page 256... ... 256 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION jobs, health care, child care, retail centers, etc.) , will likely need long-term, sustained multifaceted investments to create social, economic, educational, and employment pathways for both current and future residents. Read the entire page →
From page 257... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 257 things, like a Boucherie, those are things that are built in our communi ties and make them -- just people -- our gardens produce so much, you're always giving to your neighbor, you go red fishing, you get a lot of red fish, you share it. Social and Community Context Understandably, receiving communities are not always welcoming to an influx of new residents. Read the entire page →
From page 258... ... 258 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION BOX 8-2 Community Testimonials: Community Acceptance At the committee's third workshop, Gary LaFleur spoke about changes in a community's acceptance of resettlers: "But you know there was a time when Bourg was being considered as a receiving community for the people of Isle de Jean Charles, and that very close Terrebonne community said to the people of Isle de Jean Charles, no, we don't want you. All right. Read the entire page →
From page 259... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 259 risk and to ensure these developments are affordable for people with low to moderate incomes (see City of Norfolk, 2023) Read the entire page →
From page 260... ... 260 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION from Hurricane Maria and Hurricane Katrina (Hamilton et al., 2009) Read the entire page →
From page 261... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 261 expected migrations underscore the importance of preparatory planning for receiving communities. ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES Thresholds As people leave high-risk areas to resettle elsewhere, there is a need to attend as well to what remains of the originating community. Read the entire page →
From page 262... ... 262 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION Part of such threshold setting includes decisions about how or whether to maintain basic health and safety services in the originating areas. For example, with the IDJC relocation, it is not clear who will provide basic services such as garbage collection for those who have opted to stay behind; at the same time, it is unreasonable to expect that governments can continue to service areas that are repeatedly flooded. Read the entire page →
From page 263... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 263 now a case in point of how not to proceed with resilience planning (Hennick, 2014; Warburg & Metcalf, 2015) Read the entire page →
From page 264... ... 264 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION BOX 8-3 Community Testimonials: Relocation for Whom? At the committee's third workshop in Thibodaux, Louisiana, Elder Rosina Philippe, Atakapa-Ishak/Chawasha Tribe and president of the First Peoples' Con servation Council, highlighted concerns about people being forgotten. Read the entire page →
From page 265... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 265 may lead to increased risk of adverse climate-related outcomes, including via increased greenhouse gas emissions, increased or shifted vulnerability to climate change, more inequitable outcomes, or diminished welfare, now or in the future. Most often, maladaptation is an unintended consequence." More broadly, maladaptation impacts human capacities and may well inadvertently increase vulnerability or exposure to environmental conditions. Reckien et al. Read the entire page →
From page 266... ... 266 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION urban centers have created metropolitan area taxing bodies to support services such as sewerage, garbage, and library services that cross jurisdictional lines. And in the southern United States, several cities and counties/parishes have merged governments, including Columbus, Georgia; Athens, Georgia; and Lafayette, Louisiana (Leland & Thurmaier, 2005) Read the entire page →
From page 267... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 267 leaving abandoned infrastructure in originating neighborhoods and communities. When homes and infrastructure are slated for buyouts through FEMA grants, the original site must be maintained as open space in perpetuity (42 U.S.C. Read the entire page →
From page 268... ... 268 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION In an emerging trend, grants from FEMA's Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities program are being used in a small number of communities to improve planning for the resulting open space (Smith et al., 2023) Read the entire page →
From page 269... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 269 from and professionals working in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, similarly found that residents suspected ulterior motives behind resident relocation, such as acquiring mineral rights, and that this "mistrust was grounded in past oil and gas industry land deals and the dispossession of Native lands." The National Park Service has a program that could serve as a model for acquisitions for neighborhoods where the older generations may be very attached to the land or have limited mobility, but younger generations are ready to leave. When the National Park Service acquires land for parks, it allows residents to have life estates, giving them a right to the property for up to 25 years, at which time full ownership goes to the National Park Service.41 This program has already been imitated in Louisiana. Read the entire page →
From page 270... ... 270 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION is projected by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to be under water by the end of this decade (Ristroph, 2021) Read the entire page →
From page 271... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 271 Specific activities in the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact include the creation of a regional climate change adaptation plan; the development of agreed upon policy statements and advocacy positions; a repository of the best available, locally relevant scientific information on the physical indicators of climate change; and a set of resources that communities may draw from to implement local actions spelled out in the regional plan.47 Support for the idea of city-to-city partnerships also came up at the committee's Louisiana workshop, where one participant suggested the idea of creating "cousin cities" in closer proximity to one another that could mutually assist each other in times of need (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2023a, p. Read the entire page →
From page 272... ... 272 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION offer important nuance as the work on relocation tends to focus on leaving, and less attention is therefore paid toward the preparations needed for communities to receive arriving households or industries, including physical and social infrastructure. In these communities, the socialization of risks, the shared decision making regarding when to leave, and the possibility of continued access to former homesites share equal importance to planning for the physical environment. Read the entire page →
From page 273... ... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 273 CONCLUSIONS Conclusion 8-1: Receiving communities need to have the infrastructure and institutional capacity to provide essential services such as hous ing, water treatment and water supply, power and fuel distribution, broadband, education, health services, employment, and transportation for expected population increases. Currently, there is little planning or funding specifically for population relocation. Read the entire page →
From page 274... ... 274 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION providing services, such as electricity or wastewater, can consolidate their governments or identify suitable areas for resettlement in their existing jurisdiction. Conclusion 8-7: Authorities need to provide for systematic decommis sioning of facilities on acquired sites and restoration of these areas, not only to avoid contamination and hazards to wildlife but also to protect neighboring communities from future flood events and provide appro priate ecosystem, recreational, and educational services. Read the entire page →
From page 275... ... 9 Landscape of Policy, Funding, and Planning This chapter discusses the following: • Nested scales of government involved with community-driven relocation and the interrelationship of funding, policy, and plan ning within this framework • Federal agencies, programs, and policies that dictate or provide funding for elements of community-driven relocation, split by di saster-related agencies, agencies not primarily disaster-related, and nonfinancial technical assistance • State buyout program examples across the United States • The lack of and need for regional planning for community-driven relocation within the Gulf states, with examples of state planning entities in each state that could address such issues • Local-level buyout program examples from across the United States and land-use planning for relocation • Private and public-private funding and programs related to community-driven relocation 275 Read the entire page →
From page 276... ... 276 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION INTRODUCTION The present chapter takes a closer look at the current landscape of laws, government agencies and programs, and state and community resilience and hazard mitigation plans (HMPs) that can or do play a role in facilitating (or hindering) Read the entire page →
From page 277... ... LANDSCAPE OF POLICY, FUNDING, AND PLANNING 277 Alaska, is representative of this type of effort [Ristroph, 2021] ; see Chapter 3 of this report for more.) Read the entire page →
From page 278... ... 278 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN RELOCATION temporary housing can slow permanent household recovery (Peacock et al., 1987, cited by Greer & Trainor, 2021) Read the entire page →
From page 279... ... LANDSCAPE OF POLICY, FUNDING, AND PLANNING 279 Nested Scales for Regional Planning As was introduced above, multiple government levels come into play when a community considers or pursues relocation. Understanding the different levels of institutions and how they connect is important to understand which agencies have the ability to invest in or otherwise contribute to solutions. Read the entire page →
From page 280... ... 280 FIGURE 9-1 Blueprint for FEMA-funded buyouts. SOURCE: Weber, A., & Moore, R Read the entire page →

From page 249...

... RECEIVING AND ORIGINATING COMMUNITIES 249 BOX 8-1 Community Testimonials: Gentrification and the Cost of Living At the committee's public workshop in St. Petersburg, Florida, local home owners discussed the challenges they face with gentrification and the rising cost of living.