Facial Recognition Technology Current Capabilities, Future Prospects, and Governance (2024) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 19-30
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From page 19... ...
Manual comparison of images of faces by humans is a long-standing practice that is slow, has less than perfect accuracy, and is subject to human biases.1,2,3 By contrast, computer performance of facial recognition tasks is extremely quick and, in many cases, more accurate than human face comparisons. Modern FRT uses an artificial intelligence (AI)
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(This is not the person we are looking for.) Given these abilities, FRT is often used in forensic applications, helping to estab lish the identity of an unknown perpetrator using still images or video footage much in the way that fingerprint analysis can establish identity using latent prints.
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8 GAO, 2022, "Facial Recognition Technology: CBP Traveler Identity Verification and Efforts to Address Privacy Issues," https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-106154. Introduction 21
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With the falling cost of high-quality cameras, networking, and storage, the use of private cameras, such as doorbell-type cameras and cell phone cameras, has increased dramatically in recent years and can provide capture of additional images that can be used for FRT for inves tigative purposes. Furthermore, many cities have incentivized private security camera ownership,10 with some offering rebates to cover costs of installing surveillance cameras for the purpose of deterring crime and facilitating criminal investigations.
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From page 23... ...
Video captured by surveillance cameras has long been reviewed by humans to identify potential crimi nal perpetrators. The location of cell phones, carried by most of the population, can be tracked, and license plate readers can be used to track the movements of motor vehicles.
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Considerable work has been done to understand sources of bias and demographic disparities better and to design robust models and to rigorously evaluate them on large-scale data sets to drive performance improvements. o Early FRT systems exhibited significant demographic disparities.
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• Mass surveillance, political repression, and other human rights abuses. If applied broadly and without safeguards, FRT allows repressive regimes to create detailed records of people's movements and activities, including political protests or organizing, and to block targeted individuals from participation in public life.
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From page 26... ...
Relatedly, the marginal cost of using FRT is very low -- unlike, for example, DNA testing, which still has a nontrivial per-use cost. THE GOVERNANCE OF FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY FRT raises novel and complex challenges for governance.
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From page 27... ...
At the state level, several states have enacted broader privacy laws to protect biometric information. Illinois became, in 2008, the first state to enact legislation that regulates collection, use, safeguarding, and retention of biometric data.15 Arkansas, California, Texas, and Washington subsequently enacted similar laws.
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From page 28... ...
In addition, the report offers principles to help organizations design policies to appropriately limit the use of face image data, implement adequate security safeguards, ensure image quality standards for their FRT systems, and develop appropriate procedures for problem resolution and redress. As FRTs are widely used for criminal intelligence and investigations, in 2017, the National Criminal Intelligence Resource Center created, as part of a collaborative effort with multiple jurisdictions of law enforcement and civil liberties–focused actors, a template for FRT policy creation that focuses on privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties protection.22 The template targets the collection, use, access, management, and destruc tion of FRT-related data and includes guidelines for accountability and enforcement.
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From page 29... ...
The directive reiterates that FRT is "only authorized for use for DHS missions, in accordance with DHS' lawful authorities" and that it is critical that DHS only use FRT "in a manner that includes safeguards for privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties." It requires, among other things, that FRT be independently tested and evaluated; that, when FRT is used for verification for non-law-enforcement-related actions or investigations, an opt-out and alternative processing is available; that alternative processing is available to resolve match or no match outcomes; and that FRT "used for identification may not be used as the sole basis for law or civil enforcement related actions, especially when used as investigative leads." 23 Office of Science and Technology Policy, n.d., "Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights: Making Automated Systems Work for the American People," https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/ai-bill-of-rights, accessed May 23, 2023. 24 Security Industry Association, 2020, "SIA Principles for the Responsible and Effective Use of Facial Recognition Technology," https://www.securityindustry.org/report/sia-principles-for-the-responsible-andeffective-use-of-facial-recognition-technology.
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From page 30... ...
Chapter 5 describes policy options and presents the committee's conclusions and recommendations along with an initial sketch of a risk management framework designed to help organizations think through best practices for different types of use cases. 25 Department of Homeland Security, 2023, "Use of Facial Recognition and Face Capture Technologies," https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-09/23_0913_mgmt_026-11-use-face-recognition-face-capture technologies.pdf.
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