The Role of Seafood Consumption in Child Growth and Development (2024) / Chapter Skim
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6 Health Outcomes Associated with Seafood Consumption
6 Health Outcomes Associated with Seafood Consumption
Pages 177-208
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From page 177... ...
, both synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid, have been shown to have a range of health benefits, including neurocognitive development. As discussed earlier in this report, the average amount of seafood consumed by pregnant women are below recommended levels, and only about one in five U.S.
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From page 178... ...
. Updated Reviews The committee commissioned the Texas A&M Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition Evidence Center to update three existing systematic reviews previously published by the U.S.
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From page 179... ...
. Summary of Key Systematic Reviews on Relationship Between Seafood Consumption During Pregnancy and Lactation and Neurocognitive Development in the Child Two systematic reviews of seafood intake and neurocognitive outcomes conducted for the DGAC examined evidence on developmental outcomes including: • cognitive development, • language and communication development, • movement and physical development, • social-emotional and behavioral development, • attention deficit disorder (ADD)
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From page 180... ...
Similarly, no conclusions were made regarding the relationships between seafood intake and academic performance, ADD/ADHD, anxiety and depression, or ASD, owing to an inadequate number of studies. It is important to note that neither review identified evidence of harm from maternal or child fish consumption in relation to child neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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From page 181... ...
One RCT reported lower total cholesterol with higher tuna consumption in girls, but not boys; two RCTs and one prospective cohort study reported lower triglyceride levels associated with higher fish consumption or no significant relationship. No studies on cardiovascular disease met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review.
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From page 182... ...
conducted a systematic review of primarily prospective cohort studies on seafood intake during pregnancy and childhood with a range of neurodevelopmental, behavioral, cognitive, and general developmental outcomes. Of the 16 publications identified in the review, 8 evaluated seafood exposure prenatally, 5 evaluated postnatal exposure, and 3 studies evaluated both pre- and postnatal exposure.
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From page 183... ...
Maternal intake of fish during pregnancy was not reported to be related to development of asthma in their offspring. A 2011 systematic review explored the associations between seafood intake and atopic or allergic outcomes in infants and children (Kremmyda et al., 2011)
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From page 184... ...
Strong evidence exists for the benefits of total fish consumption during all life stages: pregnancy, childhood, and adulthood. For example, associations are found for maternal consumption during pregnancy with improved birth PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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From page 185... ...
No associations were categorized as "convincing," but "probable" associations were found for a number of adult health outcomes, as well as for a benefit of fish consumption during pregnancy for preventing both preterm birth and low birth weight. The VKM found "limited, suggestive" evidence for a "protective association between maternal total fish consumption and child neurodevelopment" and also "limited, suggestive" evidence that "child fish consumption (total and fatty fish)
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From page 186... ...
To date, available evidence for health benefits of child seafood consumption is overall not sufficient for conclusions to be drawn, but evidence does not suggest any harm from seafood consumption among children, in the studied populations, and potential benefits exist. EXPOSURE TO TOXICANTS IN SEAFOOD AND CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT The Texas A&M Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition Evidence Center was commissioned to conduct a de novo systematic review to examine associations between seafood-related contaminants and health outcomes during pregnancy, lactation, childhood, and adolescents, and child growth and development.
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From page 187... ...
exposure in pregnant and lactating women and child developmental domains (four studies) and PCB exposure in pregnant and lactating women and child growth-related outcomes (three studies)
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(2017) found no significant association, while Rothenberg et PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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From page 189... ...
As shown in Table 6-1, all the studies identified had a high risk of bias, which the committee considered when assessing the totality of the evidence on health outcomes related to exposure to metals. Characteristics of Studies for PCB Exposure Through Seafood Consumption Table 6-2 shows characteristics of the studies for PCB exposure during pregnancy and child development outcomes.
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From page 190... ...
(2008) examined the associations between fatty fish intake and plasma PCB levels during pregnancy and the association of maternal PCB levels with fetal growth.
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From page 191... ...
An FFQ, administered at delivery, was used to estimate maternal fish and shellfish consumption. This study found no association of PCB concentration and birth size.
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From page 192... ...
Table 6-2 shows high risk of bias across all studies except Mendez, which was rated as "some concerns." The committee considered this inconsistency when assessing the totality of the evidence on health outcomes related to exposure to PCBs. Review of Systematic Reviews on Maternal Exposure to Mercury The Texas A&M Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition Evidence Center carried out a review of existing systematic reviews on maternal or childhood exposure to Hg and child growth to determine the state of current evidence on development outcomes not included in the de novo systematic review (see Appendix C)
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From page 193... ...
The review included studies from Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, and all were observational cohort studies. Levels of Hg were measured in cord blood, maternal venous blood, maternal hair, and umbilical cord tissue.
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From page 194... ...
It further estimated that consumption beyond optimum amounts would result in gradual declines in the sizes of the gains, although the amounts necessary for the gains to dissipate completely or be replaced by net adverse effects were typically beyond what most people eat or could eat. Collectively, these estimates are consistent with the current state of the evidence: higher fish consumption is associated with lower risk of IQ loss, and there is no evidence of increased PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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From page 195... ...
Overall, fish consumption during pregnancy was associated with improvements in the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities, and MeHg exposure was associated with reductions in those beneficial outcomes. Among mothers who consumed two servings of fish per week, lower Hg exposure was associated with higher test scores than higher exposures -- with both subgroups experiencing net PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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From page 196... ...
This study found that higher fish intake compared with no or lower intake during pregnancy resulted in better performance on developmental milestones including sitting unsupported at age 6 months and climbing stairs and drinking from a cup at age 18 months. Another study in Japan found beneficial outcomes with overall fish consumption, and adverse outcomes with higher Hg exposure in the "motor cluster" facet of the Neonatal Assessment Scale in infants at 3 days of age, but no evidence of a plateau associated with maternal fish consumption.
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From page 197... ...
In a prospective cohort study conducted with a subset of the ALSPAC cohort, researchers examined the association between fish consumption (assessed via FFQ) among 3-year-olds.
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From page 198... ...
This study considered the effect of both nutrients and toxicants in seafood on health outcomes. Based on a review of previous reports and reviews, the authors concluded that seafood consumption lowers the risk of mortality from coronary heart disease in the adult population and little or no evidence exists for PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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From page 199... ...
Summary of Evidence on Health Outcomes Associated with Exposure to Toxicants by Consumption of Seafood Taken as a whole, the evidence reviewed by the committee indicates that higher fish consumption is associated with lower risk of adverse health outcomes or no association with health outcomes. The evidence for increased risk of adverse health outcomes associated with seafood consumption was insufficient to draw a conclusion.
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The inhibition PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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From page 201... ...
Further, the molecular modeling showed that PCBs had steric interaction with the PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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3. The evidence reviewed on health outcomes associated with seafood consumption for women of childbearing age, children, and adolescents is not adequate to support an accurate assessment of the health benefits and risks PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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From page 204... ...
2014. Seafood intake and neurodevelopment: A systematic review.
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From page 205... ...
2008. Linking exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls with fatty fish consumption and reduced fetal growth among Danish pregnant women: A cause for concern?
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From page 206... ...
2011. Atopy risk in infants and children in relation to early exposure to fish, oily fish, or long-chain omega-3 fatty acids: A systematic review.
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From page 207... ...
Alexandria, VA: USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review. Spiller, H
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