Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer (1982) / Chapter Skim
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16 Cancer Incidence and Mortality
16 Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Pages 372-390
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From page 372... ...
In general, incidence data are used when available, since they more directly relate to etiology, being uninfluenced by changes in survival due to advances in the management and treatment of cancer. In the absence of incidence data, mortality data have been used.
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From page 373... ...
, 1973-1977a Whites Blacks Site Males Females Males Females Esophagus 0.5 0.2 1.7 0.4 Stomach 1.1 0.4 2.1 0.9 Colon 3.1 2.7 3.2 2.7 Rectum and rectosigmoid 1.8 1.0 1.4 1.0 Liver 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 Gallbladder O.1 O.1 O.1 O.1 Pancreas 1.1 O 7 1.7 1.1 Lung 7.7 2.3 11.5 2.4 Breast O.1 8.2 0.1 7.0 Corpus uteri 3.1 1.4 Ovary 1.4 0.9 Prostate 5.2 9.6 Bladder 2.4 0.6 1.2 0.5 Kidney 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.4 aData from Young et al., 16-2 1981.
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From page 374... ...
These trends have been well documented for gastric, colon, and breast cancer in Japanese who migrated to Hawaii and to the western continental United States and Canada (Buell, 1973; Kolonel et al., 1980~; Eastern Europeans who migrated to the United States and Canada (Kmet, 1970~; Icelanders who migrated to Manitoba, Canada (Choi et al., 1971~; and Southern Europeans who migrated to Australia (McMichael et al., 1980~. The changes seem to be most rapid for colon cancer and somewhat less rapid for stomach cancer.
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From page 375... ...
Cancer Incidence and Mortality 375 TABLE 16-2 Average Annual Age-Adjusted Incidence (per 100,000) in Different Ethnic Groups in Hawaii, 1973-1977a Race Site Sex Hawaiian Caucasian Chinese Filipino Japanese Stomach M 51.4 15.6 14.6 13.3 47.3 F 23.9 7.0 9.4 7.3 19.9 Colon M 20.2 33.8 39.3 24.3 36.5 F 17.5 24.4 28.2 13.2 24.4 Rectum and M 15.9 17.6 20.6 16.5 28.2 rectosigmoid F 10.9 10.2 11.0 10.0 11.0 Liver M 12.6 2.9 10.3 13.3 7.5 F 9.7 1.9 3.6 2.1 2.8 Gallbladder M 2.3 -- 3.3 2.4 1.4 F 1.5 0.9 2.2 1.0 2.2 Pancreas M 12.9 11.4 11.5 8.6 11.7 F 9.2 8.7 7.6 1.8 6.1 Breast F 104.3 99.9 64.1 29.2 51.3 Corpus uteri F 40.4 41.5 33.4 17.3 22.4 Ovary F 11.8 10.7 8.1 5.4 8.0 Prostate ~ 66.3 86.7 40.0 46.9 54.1 Kidney and M 5.8 13.5 2.9 4.7 6.1 pelvis F 5.5 3.0 4.6 3.8 2.5 Bladder M 6.8 31.3 9.9 10.8 13.7 F 8.3 5.2 1.5 5.6 4.8 aData from Young et al., 1981.
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From page 376... ...
In the United States, breast cancer in postmenopausal women has been linked to German ethnicity (Blot _ al., 1977b)
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From page 377... ...
This is a critical observation because the youngest age groups would have been expected to show the effect first if the environment were becoming increasingly carcinogenic. There has been an increased incidence of breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women, but there has been little or no change in mortality from cancer at this site (Barclay et al., 1975; Cutler et al., 1971; Fabia et al., 1977; Grace et al., 1977~.
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From page 378... ...
They found strong correlations among the incidence rates for cancer at three gastrointestinal sites, i.e., cancers of the colon and rectum were directly correlated with each other, and inversely correlated with stomach cancer. In addition, there was a strong direct correlation between colorectal cancer and bladder cancer in both men and women.
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From page 379... ...
They found inverse correlations between social class and cancer of the lip and stomach in males and direct correlations between social class and colon cancer in both sexes and breast and lung cancer in females. After examining the incidence of breast cancer by province and selected municipalities in Finland, Hakama et al.
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From page 380... ...
380 cn a v o s~ v ~D ~ V ~ o o o a o tn C)
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From page 381... ...
In urban areas, there is a marked excess of esophageal and liver cancer in males and of lung cancer in both sexes and a moderate excess of colon and pancreatic cancer in males, breast cancer in females, and bladder and other urinary tract cancers in both sexes. In rural areas, there is a marked excess of lip cancer in males.
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From page 382... ...
correlated incidence rates for cancer at 27 sites in 23 countries and mortality rates for cancer at 14 sites in 32 countries with a wide range of dietary and other variables. They reported strong correlations between dietary variables and cancer at several sites, especially meat and fat intake with cancers of the colorectum, breast, corpus uteri, and ovary.
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From page 383... ...
The intake of total fat correlated with the ethnic-specific incidence rates of breast cancer in Hawaii, but not with colon or prostate cancer incidence. There was no correlation between cholesterol consumption and incidence of colon cancer.
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From page 384... ...
In affluent countries, stomach cancer rates have fallen, rates for intestinal and breast cancer are stable, and pancreatic cancer rates, which have increased, are now descreasing for males. The incidence of cancer of the colon, rectum, breast, corpus uteri, ovary, and prostate are directly correlated with each other, but cancer of the colon or rectum is inversely correlated with stomach cancer.
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From page 385... ...
1973. Changing incidence of breast cancer in JapaneseAmerican women.
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From page 386... ...
1971. Increasing incidence and decreasing mortality rates for breast cancer.
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From page 387... ...
1977. The increasing incidence of breast cancer in Alberta, 1953-1973.
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From page 388... ...
Proceedings of the Sixth Canadian Cancer Research Conference. Pergamon Press, London, Edinburgh, New York, Toronto, Paris, and Frankfurt.
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From page 389... ...
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. Phillips, R
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From page 390... ...
1977. Correlations of incidence rates for selected cancers in the nine areas of the Third National Cancer Survey.
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