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From page 389... ... See Lifestyle; Offenders and criminal behavior Behavioral science model, 188 Benefit-cost analyses, 71-72,147 of incarceration policies, 71,132, 349-354 Black population confidence in criminal justice system, 53-54 fear of, 18- 19 homicides, 168 knowledge of others' victimization, 34,36 and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 47-48 Blood glucose levels, 263, 286n:13 389 Read the entire page →
From page 390... ... See also Costs of violent behavior; Injuries Construct validity, 221-222 Consumer product injuries, 89-90 Content validity, 221 Contingent valuation surveys, 85 Corporal punishment, 204 Correctional institutions and inmates, 296-298, 354-358 classification systems, 231-233, 236-237 costs of incarceration, 71-72, 73, 83, 131-134, 136-139 fear of victimization in, 56 offense rates and mix, 307-321 official records, 240-241 overcrowding, 305-307 populations, 298-307, 320-321 public opinion on, 49-50 rates of incarceration, 131-132, 315-320 risk and severity of imprisonment, 312-314 Costs of violent behavior, 67-70, 75, 76, 87-89, 91-122, 141-145 comparisons among offenses, 70-71 conceptual framework, 72-79 criminal justice system, 83, 125-135 death risk, 86, 117-118 direct, 72, 79, 79-81, 80, 85, 87, 91-101 emergency response, 101 - 106 estimation, 69-72, 78-79, 84-87, 189 to family members, 81, 118- 121 fear of crime, 83, 88, 125 fixed, average, and marginal, 76-77 imprisonment, 71-72, 73, 83, 131-134, 136-139 indirect, 85-86, 99-101 injuries, 82, 84-87, 89-91, 91-94, 145-146 literature review, 84-91 medical, 73, 79, 88, 89-94, 145 mental health, 79, 88, 98-99, 114-115, 121, 122, 152n:24-25 monetary, 73-74, 87, 99-101 nonmonetary, 72, 73-74, 79, 81, 85-86, 87-89, 101, 150n:8 to offenders, 73, 83, 84, 136-139, 141 offsetting benefits, 75-76 overdeterrence, 83-84, 139-140 pain, suffering, and quality of life, 73-74, 81, 88, 89, 90, 112-117 and policy analysis, 71 -72 preventive measures, 70, 87, 123-125, 135-136 reduction measures, 77-78 research needs, 99, 146-148 and seriousness of acts, 37, 70, 149n:3 societal, 72-73, 82-84, 122-140, 144, 145 Read the entire page →
From page 391... ... See Intergenerational violence D Dallas, Tex., 16, 17, 21, 22 Dangerous persons, 18-19 Dangerous places, 15-18, 21-22, 24, ~ 55-56 Darkness, 19, 22 Death penalty, 133-134 Deaths, 81 risk,86,117-118 Dementia, 235 Demographic characteristics and confidence in criminal justice system, 53-54 and fear of victimization, 11-15, 33-34 and knowledge of others' victimization, 34, 36 offenders, 228, 245 and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 47-48, 51 and punishments preferred, 51-52 see also Age; Employment status; Females; Gender differences; Income level; Males; Older persons; Race and ethnicity; Youth Desistance, 246-247, 328-330 Deterrence, 49, 52, 59, 71-72, 73, 168, 182, 183, 194, 321, 336-348, 350-351, 356-357 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders {DSM-III-R) , 220, 235-236, 245 Dichotomous dependent variables, 256 Discount rates, 78-79 Discriminate analysis, 256 Disorganized asocial offenders, 241 Dogs, for personal security, 23, 123 Domestic violence, 92, 151n:16, 170, 1 79, 199, 200-201 mental health impacts, 179-180 see also Child abuse and neglect; Spousal abuse Downtown areas, 16 Dramatization of crime, 31-32, 204 Driving while intoxicated, 58, 197-198 Drug abuse, 180, 190, 196-197, 228, 235-236, 240-241, 262, 280, 285-286n:12 Drug offenses, 45, 302, 303, 320, 359n:6 dealers, 86, 87, 150n:10, 228-229, 243 Durkheim, Emile, 26-27 E Early release programs, 72, 307, 320-321, 328 Economics. Read the entire page →
From page 392... ... crime statistics, 7, 31, 92, 117, 243 offender topologies, 241-242 Females and fear of violence, 11-14, 18 mental health impacts of victimization, 96, 98 risk reduction measures, 23-24 see also Gender differences; Rape Fictional crime, 31-32 Fines, 137 Firearms. See Weapons Fixed costs, 76, 77 Florida, 300, 302, 303-305, 319, 320 Folk theories. Read the entire page →
From page 393... ... See Criminal justice system; Torts Life insurance, 1 10, 145-146 Lifestyle, 55, 99, 101 Longitudinal studies, 219, 244 fear of victimization, 54-55 perceived seriousness of violent acts, 58 Losses. See Costs of violent behavior M in crime dramas, 32 fear of, 18, 19 and fear of violence, 11, 13 homicides, 168 mental health impacts of victimization, 96 risk reduction measures, 24 see also Gender differences Marginal costs, 70, 76-77 of incarceration, 73 Mass media, 1, 2, 28-34, 57 and community programs, 25 crime as entertainment, 31-32, 204 crime as filler material, 31 criticisms of crime news coverage, 29-3 1 Mass murderers, 241-242 Media General/Associated Press survey, 53 Read the entire page →
From page 394... ... , 93 National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDSJ, 93 National Survey of Crime Severity, 38-48 National Survey of Punishment for Criminal Offenses, 50 Neighborhoods, 15-18, 21, 87 and conversations about crime, 34 Neighborhood watch programs, 24-25, 27, 136 News coverage. See Mass media Newspapers, 28-29, 30 New York, 300, 303, 320 Nicotine withdrawal, ~ 36 Nighttime, 19, 22, 24, 26, 83 Nonviolent crime interpersonal diffusion of knowledge of, 35-36 news coverage, 30-31 perceived seriousness of, 38, 46 and potential for violence, 176-178, 180-181 Normative evaluations, 49-51, 58 o Observational studies, 244-245 Occurrence models, 247, 257, 258-268, 282 Offenders and criminal behavior, 174-175, 182-183 career lengths, 328-332, 351, 357 characteristics of, 48-49, 51-52, 228-229, 245 classification of, 217-219, 226-228 229-247 costs to, 73, 83, 84, 136-139, 141 defendant records, 239-240 disorganized asocial, 241 FBI typology, 239-240 former victims, 122 organized asocial, 241 prediction of, 217, 218-220, 247-281, 284n:2 relationship to victim, 46-47 victimization of, 56, 75-76, 86-87 see also Correctional institutions and inmates; Criminal intent; Criminal justice system; Juvenile delinquency; Recidivism and recidivists Official record data, 238-242, 246, 280 Older persons and fear of violence, 11-14, 22 mental health impacts of victimization, 96 and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 48 risk reduction measures, 23 sentencing of, 51 Opportunity costs, 73, 77 Ordinary least squares tOLS) Read the entire page →
From page 395... ... See Correctional institutions and inmates Probation, 71, 83, 131, 133, 134, 138 Productivity losses, 73, 74, 79, 83, 90, 98, 106-109, 108-109, 135 of incarcerated offenders, 136-137 Property losses, 73, 79, 88-89, 99, 149-150n:7 Property-marking projects, 24, 25 Prosecution, 83, 126 Psychiatric classifications, 235-236 Psychological injury. See Mental health injuries Psychological tests, 230-235 Public defenders, 83, 129, 131 Public health system, 168 and epidemiological analyses, 168-169, 183-188 operational resources, 207-209 Public opinion and perception, 1-3 of criminal justice system, 27-28, 48-54, 59 effects of victim, offender, and respondent characteristics, 51-52 seriousness of violent acts, 37-48, 58-59 see also Fear of victimization and cost analyses, 69-70, 71-72, 147 criminal justice and public health dichotomy, 192-207 and incarceration, 349-354 policing, 9, 11 and seriousness of violent acts, 37 and violence classification and prediction, 279, 283-284 Public service announcements, 83 Punishment. Read the entire page →
From page 396... ... . recta .~v~sts Research activities and needs, 219-220, 281 -283 costs and consequences, 99, 146-148 criminal justice system, 172, 188-191 prediction, 217, 218-220, 247-283, 284n:2 quality measures, 221-225, 279-280 Restitution, 49 Retail businesses, 55-56 Retributive justice, 49, 52, 167, 204 costs, 73, 83 Risk of injury and victimization, 11-12, 177 and fear, 8-9, 10, 12-15, 125 to inmates, 138 public health approaches, 169, 171, 183-184, 187, 202, 203 Robbery, 21, 34, 35, 45, 92, 93, 99, 105, 107, 142, 177, 300, 303, 309, 320, 359n:6 mental health impacts, 95, 96, 98 S Sadism, 236 Safe School Study, 17 Samples. Read the entire page →
From page 397... ... See also Burglary; Robbery Times of danger, 19, 22 Torts, 81, 111-112 U Unemployment, 86, 136-137 Uniform Crime Reports {UCRJ, 7, 92, 117, 127-129, 189, 243, 360-361n:11 Urban areas, 15, 229 V Validity of research, 221-222, 279-280 Vandalism, 35 "Vectors", 184-187, 191 Victim assistance programs, 77-78, 101-103, 104 Victimization careers, 55 lifestyle changes, 99, 101 offsetting benefits of, 75 personal knowledge of others', 34-36 See also Fear of victimization Victims, 174-175, 181, 218 characteristics and public opinion, 47, 51-52 later violent behavior by, 122 prior criminal behavior of, 86 ratings of seriousness of violent acts, 48 relationship to offender, 46-47 Victims of Crime Act {VOCA) , 101-102 Vigilantism, 27-28 W Wage losses, 73, 79, 83 Wealth effect, 149n:4 Weapons, 190-191, 196, 198, 202-203 injuries, 150n:13 for personal security, 21, 22, 23, 83, 123, 190 White-collar crimes, 46, 58 Willingness to accept tWTA) Read the entire page →

From page 389...

... See Lifestyle; Offenders and criminal behavior Behavioral science model, 188 Benefit-cost analyses, 71-72,147 of incarceration policies, 71,132, 349-354 Black population confidence in criminal justice system, 53-54 fear of, 18- 19 homicides, 168 knowledge of others' victimization, 34,36 and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 47-48 Blood glucose levels, 263, 286n:13 389

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From page 390...

... See also Costs of violent behavior; Injuries Construct validity, 221-222 Consumer product injuries, 89-90 Content validity, 221 Contingent valuation surveys, 85 Corporal punishment, 204 Correctional institutions and inmates, 296-298, 354-358 classification systems, 231-233, 236-237 costs of incarceration, 71-72, 73, 83, 131-134, 136-139 fear of victimization in, 56 offense rates and mix, 307-321 official records, 240-241 overcrowding, 305-307 populations, 298-307, 320-321 public opinion on, 49-50 rates of incarceration, 131-132, 315-320 risk and severity of imprisonment, 312-314 Costs of violent behavior, 67-70, 75, 76, 87-89, 91-122, 141-145 comparisons among offenses, 70-71 conceptual framework, 72-79 criminal justice system, 83, 125-135 death risk, 86, 117-118 direct, 72, 79, 79-81, 80, 85, 87, 91-101 emergency response, 101 - 106 estimation, 69-72, 78-79, 84-87, 189 to family members, 81, 118- 121 fear of crime, 83, 88, 125 fixed, average, and marginal, 76-77 imprisonment, 71-72, 73, 83, 131-134, 136-139 indirect, 85-86, 99-101 injuries, 82, 84-87, 89-91, 91-94, 145-146 literature review, 84-91 medical, 73, 79, 88, 89-94, 145 mental health, 79, 88, 98-99, 114-115, 121, 122, 152n:24-25 monetary, 73-74, 87, 99-101 nonmonetary, 72, 73-74, 79, 81, 85-86, 87-89, 101, 150n:8 to offenders, 73, 83, 84, 136-139, 141 offsetting benefits, 75-76 overdeterrence, 83-84, 139-140 pain, suffering, and quality of life, 73-74, 81, 88, 89, 90, 112-117 and policy analysis, 71 -72 preventive measures, 70, 87, 123-125, 135-136 reduction measures, 77-78 research needs, 99, 146-148 and seriousness of acts, 37, 70, 149n:3 societal, 72-73, 82-84, 122-140, 144, 145

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From page 391...

... See Intergenerational violence D Dallas, Tex., 16, 17, 21, 22 Dangerous persons, 18-19 Dangerous places, 15-18, 21-22, 24, ~ 55-56 Darkness, 19, 22 Death penalty, 133-134 Deaths, 81 risk,86,117-118 Dementia, 235 Demographic characteristics and confidence in criminal justice system, 53-54 and fear of victimization, 11-15, 33-34 and knowledge of others' victimization, 34, 36 offenders, 228, 245 and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 47-48, 51 and punishments preferred, 51-52 see also Age; Employment status; Females; Gender differences; Income level; Males; Older persons; Race and ethnicity; Youth Desistance, 246-247, 328-330 Deterrence, 49, 52, 59, 71-72, 73, 168, 182, 183, 194, 321, 336-348, 350-351, 356-357 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders {DSM-III-R) , 220, 235-236, 245 Dichotomous dependent variables, 256 Discount rates, 78-79 Discriminate analysis, 256 Disorganized asocial offenders, 241 Dogs, for personal security, 23, 123 Domestic violence, 92, 151n:16, 170, 1 79, 199, 200-201 mental health impacts, 179-180 see also Child abuse and neglect; Spousal abuse Downtown areas, 16 Dramatization of crime, 31-32, 204 Driving while intoxicated, 58, 197-198 Drug abuse, 180, 190, 196-197, 228, 235-236, 240-241, 262, 280, 285-286n:12 Drug offenses, 45, 302, 303, 320, 359n:6 dealers, 86, 87, 150n:10, 228-229, 243 Durkheim, Emile, 26-27 E Early release programs, 72, 307, 320-321, 328 Economics.

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From page 392...

... crime statistics, 7, 31, 92, 117, 243 offender topologies, 241-242 Females and fear of violence, 11-14, 18 mental health impacts of victimization, 96, 98 risk reduction measures, 23-24 see also Gender differences; Rape Fictional crime, 31-32 Fines, 137 Firearms. See Weapons Fixed costs, 76, 77 Florida, 300, 302, 303-305, 319, 320 Folk theories.

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From page 393...

... See Criminal justice system; Torts Life insurance, 1 10, 145-146 Lifestyle, 55, 99, 101 Longitudinal studies, 219, 244 fear of victimization, 54-55 perceived seriousness of violent acts, 58 Losses. See Costs of violent behavior M in crime dramas, 32 fear of, 18, 19 and fear of violence, 11, 13 homicides, 168 mental health impacts of victimization, 96 risk reduction measures, 24 see also Gender differences Marginal costs, 70, 76-77 of incarceration, 73 Mass media, 1, 2, 28-34, 57 and community programs, 25 crime as entertainment, 31-32, 204 crime as filler material, 31 criticisms of crime news coverage, 29-3 1 Mass murderers, 241-242 Media General/Associated Press survey, 53

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From page 394...

... , 93 National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDSJ, 93 National Survey of Crime Severity, 38-48 National Survey of Punishment for Criminal Offenses, 50 Neighborhoods, 15-18, 21, 87 and conversations about crime, 34 Neighborhood watch programs, 24-25, 27, 136 News coverage. See Mass media Newspapers, 28-29, 30 New York, 300, 303, 320 Nicotine withdrawal, ~ 36 Nighttime, 19, 22, 24, 26, 83 Nonviolent crime interpersonal diffusion of knowledge of, 35-36 news coverage, 30-31 perceived seriousness of, 38, 46 and potential for violence, 176-178, 180-181 Normative evaluations, 49-51, 58 o Observational studies, 244-245 Occurrence models, 247, 257, 258-268, 282 Offenders and criminal behavior, 174-175, 182-183 career lengths, 328-332, 351, 357 characteristics of, 48-49, 51-52, 228-229, 245 classification of, 217-219, 226-228 229-247 costs to, 73, 83, 84, 136-139, 141 defendant records, 239-240 disorganized asocial, 241 FBI typology, 239-240 former victims, 122 organized asocial, 241 prediction of, 217, 218-220, 247-281, 284n:2 relationship to victim, 46-47 victimization of, 56, 75-76, 86-87 see also Correctional institutions and inmates; Criminal intent; Criminal justice system; Juvenile delinquency; Recidivism and recidivists Official record data, 238-242, 246, 280 Older persons and fear of violence, 11-14, 22 mental health impacts of victimization, 96 and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 48 risk reduction measures, 23 sentencing of, 51 Opportunity costs, 73, 77 Ordinary least squares tOLS)

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From page 395...

... See Correctional institutions and inmates Probation, 71, 83, 131, 133, 134, 138 Productivity losses, 73, 74, 79, 83, 90, 98, 106-109, 108-109, 135 of incarcerated offenders, 136-137 Property losses, 73, 79, 88-89, 99, 149-150n:7 Property-marking projects, 24, 25 Prosecution, 83, 126 Psychiatric classifications, 235-236 Psychological injury. See Mental health injuries Psychological tests, 230-235 Public defenders, 83, 129, 131 Public health system, 168 and epidemiological analyses, 168-169, 183-188 operational resources, 207-209 Public opinion and perception, 1-3 of criminal justice system, 27-28, 48-54, 59 effects of victim, offender, and respondent characteristics, 51-52 seriousness of violent acts, 37-48, 58-59 see also Fear of victimization and cost analyses, 69-70, 71-72, 147 criminal justice and public health dichotomy, 192-207 and incarceration, 349-354 policing, 9, 11 and seriousness of violent acts, 37 and violence classification and prediction, 279, 283-284 Public service announcements, 83 Punishment.

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From page 396...

... . recta .~v~sts Research activities and needs, 219-220, 281 -283 costs and consequences, 99, 146-148 criminal justice system, 172, 188-191 prediction, 217, 218-220, 247-283, 284n:2 quality measures, 221-225, 279-280 Restitution, 49 Retail businesses, 55-56 Retributive justice, 49, 52, 167, 204 costs, 73, 83 Risk of injury and victimization, 11-12, 177 and fear, 8-9, 10, 12-15, 125 to inmates, 138 public health approaches, 169, 171, 183-184, 187, 202, 203 Robbery, 21, 34, 35, 45, 92, 93, 99, 105, 107, 142, 177, 300, 303, 309, 320, 359n:6 mental health impacts, 95, 96, 98 S Sadism, 236 Safe School Study, 17 Samples.

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From page 397...

... See also Burglary; Robbery Times of danger, 19, 22 Torts, 81, 111-112 U Unemployment, 86, 136-137 Uniform Crime Reports {UCRJ, 7, 92, 117, 127-129, 189, 243, 360-361n:11 Urban areas, 15, 229 V Validity of research, 221-222, 279-280 Vandalism, 35 "Vectors", 184-187, 191 Victim assistance programs, 77-78, 101-103, 104 Victimization careers, 55 lifestyle changes, 99, 101 offsetting benefits of, 75 personal knowledge of others', 34-36 See also Fear of victimization Victims, 174-175, 181, 218 characteristics and public opinion, 47, 51-52 later violent behavior by, 122 prior criminal behavior of, 86 ratings of seriousness of violent acts, 48 relationship to offender, 46-47 Victims of Crime Act {VOCA) , 101-102 Vigilantism, 27-28 W Wage losses, 73, 79, 83 Wealth effect, 149n:4 Weapons, 190-191, 196, 198, 202-203 injuries, 150n:13 for personal security, 21, 22, 23, 83, 123, 190 White-collar crimes, 46, 58 Willingness to accept tWTA)

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Index Pages 389-397

Index
Pages 389-397