Mount Rainier Active Cascade Volcano (1994) / Chapter Skim
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2 Mount Rainier, Active Cascade Volcano
2 Mount Rainier, Active Cascade Volcano
Pages 11-35
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From page 11... ...
Some of the lava flows are more than 60 m Nick at Me base of the edifice, in what is now Mount Rainier National Park (Figure 2.2~. Some of the breccias were deposited by moving water, but others were probably emplaced during volcanic explosions or by fragmentation of moving lava flows.
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From page 12... ...
The approximate outline of the volcano is indicated by the solid fill in Mount Rainier National Park. The locations of Puget Sound and the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area are indicated by dark and light stippling, respectively.
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From page 13... ...
MOUNT RAINIER, ACTIVE CASCADE VOLCANO FIGURE 2.2 Generalized geologic map of Mount Rainier National Park (modified from Walsh arid others, 1987~. 17/A ice [:: ~ quaternarylavaflows O km ~ alluvium r I tertiary volcanic rocks ~ A; _.
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From page 14... ...
14 MOUNT RAINIER: ACTIVE CASCADE VOLCANO FIGURE 2.3 Population density map of We general region shown in Figure 2.
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From page 15... ...
, have focused He awareness of the science community, government, and the general public on volcanic hazards in He densely populated Puget Lowland area (see Figure 2.3~. Public awareness of natural hazards has been heightened by the recent recognition of an active fault crossing Seattle (Atwater and Moore, 1992; Bucknam and others, 1992; lacoby and others, 1992; Karlin and Abella, 1992; Schuster and others, 1992)
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From page 17... ...
17 oo ~: ~ Z == o _ lC Z U' a C~ ~_ _ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ ~0\ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,, 5 ^ ~ _ _ _ OO ~O ~ ~ ~ 0\ 0\ 0\ _ ~ _ .
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From page 19... ...
The proximal zone refers to areas on and adjacent to Me volcanic edifice. For Mount Rainier, Me proximal zone generally lies within Me boundaries of Mount Rainier National Park (see Figure 2.~.
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From page 20... ...
H Frequency of occurrence; role in producing melting of snow and ice Laharsb H H Origin, how far, how fast Jokulhlaupsb M L Role of heat flow in production ~ ~ Sector collapsed H H Causes, sizes Landslidesb M L Rock and debris avalanchesb H L Causes, sizes, association with steam blasts Volcanic earthquakesb Lo . L Ground deformations _ L?
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From page 21... ...
An event of this magnitude would be expected to occur an average of once every 10,000 years. These larger lahars could affect the Puget Lowland, inundating tens to hundreds of square kilometers in relatively densely populated areas.
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From page 22... ...
Damage to property and loss of life from debris flows could be substantial. Geologic mapping of surficial deposits in Mount Rainier National Park by Crandell (1969)
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From page 23... ...
~0~= it, A=~E CACHE VOODOO 23 FIGURE 2.4 (A) ~ of Me west O~ of Mount Minter.
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From page 24... ...
) showing steeply dipping Inca flows, flow rubble, volcanic breccias, and tufts extending away from the upper part of the volcano, which was removed by events blat produced the Osceola Mudflow and other large lahars.
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From page 25... ...
, and Electron Mudflow (Puyallup River)
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From page 26... ...
Debris flows of this magnitude are essentially unpredictable at current levels of understanding, but they serve as a reminder of the dynamic landscape surrounding Mount Rainier. Events such as edifice failures, glacier outburst floods, and debris flows can occur in the absence of volcanic eruptions.
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From page 27... ...
MOUNT RAINIER, ACTIVE CASCADE VOLCANO 27 FIGURE 2.6 (A) Cross-section of the Osceola Mudflow near Buckley, Washington, approximately 85 km downstream from the volcano.
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From page 28... ...
The stump is from an old-grow~ forest Rat was buried by the mudflow. (Photos courtesy of Patrick Pringle, Washington State Department of Natural Resources.)
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From page 29... ...
HOUR Ad, IRE CACHE VOODOO go FIGURE 2.7 Inerl~er~ 1~ nag Ed ~dOows in a SO-m high dig ~ Ha. Ace_ Day ~ -= 1~ A~ maw d~nslope, mating ice Ed snag ~ creme ~dOows.
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From page 30... ...
Helens erupted violently in 1980, killing 57 people through the combined effects of a debris avalanche formed by a giant landslide, a lateral blast expelled as the slide Repressurized the volcanic system, and lahars generated by the eruption (Lipman and Mullineaux, 19811.
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From page 31... ...
MOUNT RAINIER, ACTIVE CASCADE VOLCANO 31 TABLE 2.3 Principal Voicanoes and Voicanic Fields in the Cascade Range and Dates of Their Most Recent Volcanic Activity, Listed from North to South Voicano Location Silverthrone Bridge River cones Meagher Mountain field Mount Cayley Mount Garibaldi Mount Baker Glacier Peak Mount Rainier Washington Goat Rocks Mount Adams field Mount St. Helens Indian Heaven field r Mount Hood Oregon Mount Jefferson area Oregon 1 Belknap Crater Date of most recent voIcanisma British Columbia British Columbia .
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From page 32... ...
About 1,000 years of quiet at Lassen Peak preceded the 1914-1917 eruption, some 200 to 400 years of inactivity predated the late-nineteenth century eruptions at Mount Hood, and some 600 years of quiescence foreshadowed the activity at Mount St. Helens that began in 1480 and continued intermitt-~.tly until ~ 857.
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From page 33... ...
Past history suggests Hat future lava flows will likely be restricted to valley floors within Mount Rainier National Park or will extend only a short distance outside the park. Although limited in areal extent, lava flows from Mount Rainier would destroy roads, buildings, and other fixed installations in and near valley bottoms and would be disruptive to many activities in the park.
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From page 34... ...
These phenomena could convey a sense of impending crisis that would not be warranted because, as noted above, lava flows are likely to be restricted to National Park land. Explosive eruptions from Mount Rainier could send clouds of tephra high into the atmosphere, where it would be carried laterally by prevailing winds before settling to the ground.
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From page 35... ...
The most likely hazards include edifice failures, glacier outburst floods, and lahars, with or without volcanic eruptions. Coordinated research that involves both geoscientists and social scientists should be undertaken to determine potential magnitudes and frequencies of potential hazards, their human and economic impacts, and strategies for using such information effectively to mitigate risk as part of this Decade Voicano Demonstration Project.
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