Biographical Memoirs Volume 63 (1994) / Chapter Skim
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6. Charlotte Friend
6. Charlotte Friend
Pages 126-149
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From page 127... ...
However, the rapid confirmation of Friend's findings by the highly respected pathologist Jacob Furth led to a change in attitudes, ant! the scientific community soon realized that a virus which rapidly induces a malignant disease in adult mice provides an excellent model in which to study both viral oncology and the pathogenesis of neoplasia.
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From page 128... ...
While growing up, Friend took advantage of all the opportunities and wonclers that New York offered. She became a very knowledgeable and evict devotee of all its cultural activities ancT successfully competed for admission to Hunter College High School, a part of the city's excellent, tuition-free education system for gifted students.
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From page 129... ...
decicled to examine the fine structure of the cells of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, a transplantable tumor of mice that at the time was a commonly used model for cancer research. They unexpectedly observect cytoplasmic "particles of constant diameter in close array" that were similar to those seen in thin-sections of virus-infectec!
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From page 130... ...
anemia; it was transmissible in aclult noninbred mice; and the latent period before the first symptoms appeared was very short, the latter fact being powerful evidence that the transmissible agent was ctirectly involvect in the incluction of the leukemia. It is interesting to note that the cytoplasmic particles originally seen by Selby and Friend4 were very different in size and structure from what was eventually proven to be the etiologic agent of Friend leukemia.
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From page 131... ...
unbowed if a little bloodiec3"2 from that experience and later was able to joke that those who persisted in their heretical beliefs about tumor viruses were being accused of having "either holes in their heads or holes in their filters." However, it may be that because of that rather traumatic experience, she never click develop into a strong, confident speaker. Throughout her career, whenever she hacl to give a talk, she was always very nervous and on edge in anticipation, and spent a great deal of time and effort writing out exactly what it was she wanted to say.
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From page 132... ...
Sloan Awarcl for Cancer Research anct elected to use the money to travel arounc! the world, spending three-month periods in research institutes in France, Israel and Australia working with such scientists as Andre Ewoff, Leo Sachs ant!
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From page 133... ...
passage from host to host, virus strains that produced polycythemia rather than anemia appeared. These strains caused formation of macroscopic foci of primitive erythroic!
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From page 134... ...
Frank Lilly once "tried to convince her that she should be proud to have discovered not just one but in fact two viruses that were totally unique in the mouse leukemia virus world. But she would have nothing to do with that idea." And, incleecI, others have shown that molecularly cloned FEY-A, with no SFFV component, induces an anemic form of an erythroproliferative disease in newborn mice which resembles the early stages of the disease induced by wild-type virus.~3 However, no one has yet explainecl the mechanism by which the profounct anemia inducecl by such virus in either newborns or adults progresses to leukemia.
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From page 135... ...
For example, Friend and Cecilia PatuTeia were able to establish permanent cell lines in culture from the tumor cells and to show that, even when cloned, these cultures consisted of undifferentiated \
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From page 136... ...
She went on to show that, with some highly inclucible erythroleukemia cell lines, the percentage of benzicline-positive (hemogIobin-proclucing) cells could be increased to over 85 percent, from a baseline of ~ percent, after four-five clays in medium containing DMSO.
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From page 137... ...
Despite undergoing extensive, debilitating therapy, she continued to spend time in the laboratory, to write, to attend meetings ant! discuss work with other people, to send out manuscripts and grant
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From page 138... ...
One of Charlotte Friend's last public appearances was at Brandeis University, where she received an honorary Doctor of Science degree in- May 1986. She was very proud to have been selected for this honor and left her hospital bed to make the trip to Waltham, Massachusetts.
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From page 139... ...
for advice anti help. She particularly enjoyed advising and assisting others with their meclical problems and frequently boasted of "practicing medicine without a license," perhaps reflecting regrets about not having gone to mectical school.
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From page 140... ...
In the 1970s, when the demancis on the relatively few senior women scientists were enormous, she worked extremely hard as president of the American Association for Cancer Research, the New York Acaclemy of Sciences, and the Harvey Society, the first woman so honored in the long history of that society. During this same periocI, she also served as a member of the Advisory Committee for the Virus Cancer Program of the National Institutes of Health and a member of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention of the National Cancer Institute.
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From page 141... ...
In the two decacles following the initial isolation of FEV, perhaps a third of those doing cancer research spent some time working on one or the other of the mode! systems she had provided.
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From page 142... ...
Her demonstration of inducible differentiation of leukemic cells by DMSO has served as the inspiration, as well as the prototype, for evaluating the potential therapeutic effects of clifferentiation-inducing agents in human cancer. Charlotte Friend was in the tradition of many women scientists who have made contributions to botany, astronomy and microbiology.
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From page 143... ...
Pogo, and C Friend, "Rat Cells Infected with Anemia-Inducing Friend Leukemia Virus Contain Integrated Replication-Competent But Not Defective Proviral Genomes," Proc.
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From page 144... ...
C Friend, "The Phenomenon of Differentiation in Murine Erythroleukemic Cells," The Harvey Lectures (New York: Academic Press, 1979~:253-87.
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From page 145... ...
Submicroscopic cytoplasmic particles occasionally found in the Ehrlich mouse ascites tumor. Cancer Res.
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From page 146... ...
Transplantation immunity and the suppression of spleen colony formation by immunization with murine leukemia virus preparations (Friend)
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From page 147... ...
Pogo. Variations in properties of virus released from morphologically different cell lines transformed in vitro by Friend leukemia virus.
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From page 148... ...
Pogo. Rat cells infected with anemia-inducing Friend leukemia virus contain integrated replication competent but not defective proviral genomes.
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