Biographical Memoirs Volume 63 (1994) / Chapter Skim
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12. Philip Levine
12. Philip Levine
Pages 322-347
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From page 323... ...
Similarly, although immunogenetics was in its infancy, they acivancect many immunological principles and discovered the basis for certain diseases notably hemolytic disease of the newborn. It was this discovery for which Philip Levine will best be remembered.
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He then entered Cornell University Mectical College. He had his initial experience with bloocl groups during his senior year, when he found that his red blood cells (subsequently typed as As)
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in 1901, testing for agglutination of red bloocl cells from healthy human subjects by the serum of other healthy subjects. In this way he cletected the A, B
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Reviewing this work in 1960, Levine wrote, "In considering the heredity of M anc! N as a genetic system, we excluded independent genes and close linkage; we also consiclered the existence of more than two alleles interacting with or mortifying the effects of factors determining hitherto unknown agglutinable structures." In the early 1930s, these conclusions were highly sophisticated from a genetic point of view and were probably influenced by the work of Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues, who were then studying the localization of genes on the chromosomes of Drosophila.
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Stimulated by this early work, many other serologists throughout the worIct took up the search for human red cell antigenic determinants. Between 1929 and 1975 (the date of the last edition of Race and Sanger's Blood Groups in Man)
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However, his most important contribution concerned the consequences of red cell alloimmunization, in particular hemolytic disease of the newborn, then known as erythroblastosis fetalis.
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failure of efforts to raise heteroimmune antibodies of similar specificity by injecting human red cells into rabbits. However, in ~ 940 Lanctsteiner and Alexancler Wiener described the appearance of a heteroagglutinin in the serum of rabbits injected with the rect cells of rhesus monkeys.
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From page 330... ...
Many years later ~ ~ 9 6 I, ~ 9 6 7 ) , Levine and his colleagues showed that there actually is a difference in the specificity of the antibodies raised by injection of rhesus monkey cells into rabbits versus those stimulated in Rhnegative human subjects by transfusion or pregnancy.
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It is remarkable that a controversy of such acrimony arose at a time when the biochemical nature of all genes was completely unknown and scientists hac! to rely entirely on red cell agglutination reactions (some of them weak and equivocal)
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It caused marked hemolysis of the rec! cells of all subjects tested except those of the patient's extremely rare phenotype callecl p, in which the red cells were not agglutinatecl by antibodies reacting with the very common P antigen.
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the substrate for enzymes that confer A or B specificity by the acictition of either N-acety~galactosamine or galactose. Levine officially retired from Ortho in 1965, and his research center was renamed the Philip Levine Laboratories.
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Philip Levine was a dedicated scientist who prepared his mind to a degree that permitted him to construct major and testable hypotheses from chance observations macle in his own laboratory and those of others. He inspired many young investigators to study the immunology and genetics of human recI cells at a time when most of the modern techniques of biochemical analysis anct molecular biology were unknown.
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From page 335... ...
Kennedy, fir., International Award for Research in Mental Retardation 1966 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences 1966 Clement Nlon Pirquet Gold Medal from the Seventh Forum on Allergy 1966 Edward l. Ill Award from the Academy of Medicine of New Jersey 1967 Honorary Doctor of Science from Michigan State University 1968 Award of Distinction of the Alumni Association of Cornell University Medical College 1968 Honorary Member of American Academy of Oral Medicine 1969 Distinguished Service Award of the American Association of Blood Banks Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians Honorary Fellow of the Truman Library Institute Norwegian Society of Immunohematology Medal Bavarian Red Cross Medal Allan Award from the American Society of Human Genetics Melvyn H
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336 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Honorary member of the International Society of Blood Transfusion 1978 Honorary life member of the New York Academy of Science 1979 New Jersey Hospital Association Award 1979 Annual McNeil Science Award 1980 Karl Landsteiner Gold Medal from the Netherlands Red Cross 1980 Bronze Medal from the Israel Blood Transfusion Service 1983 Honorary Doctor of Science Degree, University of Wisconsin
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A new agglutinable factor differentiating individual human bloods.
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On the racial distribution of some agglutinable structures of human blood.
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Temporary agglutinability of red blood cells.
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38:561. Role of iso-immunization in transfusion accidents and in the pathogenesis of erythroblastosis fetalis.
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49:810. Geographical distribution of genes determining individual human blood differences.
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The Kell-Cellano (K-k) genetic system of human blood factors.
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Koch. A study of the hereditary blood factors among the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota.
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Some observations on the new human blood factor, Dia. Blood 12:448.
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A "D" like antigen in rhesus red blood cells and in Rh-positive and Rh-negative red cells. Science 133:332.
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The first human blood, - / which lacks the "D-like" antigen. Nature 194:304.
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The illegitimacy of malignant tissue. In the XIV Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, Helsinki, Finland.
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