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From page 343... ... Department of, 6, 12, 21 See also Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 343 AIDS, 53 n.l4 Air pollution, 15, 152 American Association of Port Authorities, 156 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) , 20, 148, 168 Annex V and, 6, 20, 168 cargo fleet regulation, 101, 230 enforcement procedures, 200, 201 information gathering activities, 99100, 211, 220, 249 quarantine requirements, 160-163 recommendations for, 6, 12, 243, 245 statistical data, 22 Annex V of MARPOL control strategy, 16, 63 on data collection, 2 discharge restrictions, 16, 264-267 disposal equipment performance standards, 148 enforcement of. Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... See Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Army Corps of Engineers, 165 B Beach cleanups and surveys, 2, 23, 26, 34, 80, 181 amount of plastic items, 49 appearance of heavy items, 49 for monitoring Annex V effects, 214-216 Benthos plastic debris in, 218 sampling technique, 219 debris accumulation in, 2 marine debris in, 34 plastic debris in, 218-219 recommendations for monitoring debris in, 241, 242 Biodegradable plastics, 33 n.1 Birds entanglement with marine debris, 54-55 ingestion of plastic debris, 55 C California, 26 Cargo-associated waste, 16, 271 Cargo fleet, 2 access to garbage management technology, 229 crew complement, 43-44 INDEX disposal records, 229-230 educational efforts, 105- 106, 180, 230 information gathering in, 99-100 interventions to improve Annex V compliance, 10, 12, 101-106 mandated off-loading at U.S. port calls, 168 regulatory structure, 100-101 size of, 43 strategic objectives for Annex V compliance, 229-231 Center for Marine Conservation, 177, 181-182, 203, 215, 216 Clean Water Act, 115 Coast Guard cargo fleet regulation, 10, 99, 100, 230 commercial fisheries oversight, 94 compliance measures in, 110, 111, 147 data gathering by, 211, 220, 248, 249 education and training activities, 176 enforcement in civil cases, 8, 10 11, 199-200 in enforcement of Annex V, 7, 8, 21, 196-197, 230, 248-249 in enforcement of MARPOL, 1, 146 fleet characteristics, 45 leadership role in Annex V implementation, 192 monitoring shipboard garbage disposal records, 10, 201 National Safe Boating Week activities, 178-179 . Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... port calls, 168 objectives for Annex V compliance, 236-238 on-board treatment/destruction technology, 147 as source of maritime debris, 40 vessel design, 127 waste management system, 151 D Data collection and management for Annex V compliance and enforcement, 8, 11, 32, 84-85, 210-214, 220, 248, 249 beach surveys, 23, 214-216, 219 characteristics of maritime garbage, 36-40 on effects of debris in marine environment, 2, 11 environmental monitoring, 214220, 241-242 garbage off-loading statistics, 22 identifying vessel garbage, 33-35 information exchange opportunities, 182- 183 international efforts, 11, 212-214 legal discharge, 32-33 lost fishing gear, 95 marine accidents involving debris, 53 Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... . conomlc Issues access to on-board garbage management systems, 11- 12 agency funding for Annex V compliance efforts, 22 beach cleanup costs, 15 n.1 cost of marine debris effects, 15 economic incentives for Annex V compliance, 25, 78-79, 98-99, 106 funding for education and training efforts, 187- 188 garbage maintenance on research ships, 132, 136 interventions in offshore industry, 116-117 payment for vessel garbage disposal, 166- 167, 168- 169, 230, 243 shoreside garbage disposal, 158 INDEX tariff for garbage disposal cost, 167 in technology acquisition, 246 technology development activities, 79, 154-155, 168 vessel garbage management system, 6 Education and training for cargo ship sector, 105-106, 230 commercial fishing fleet, 95, 227, 228 for cruise ship industry, 126, 237 definition, 173 for employees in maritime industry, 175 federal role, 185- 189 funding issues, 187- 188 good examples of, 179 guidelines for Annex V implementation, 272-274 for implementation of Annex V, 67, 76-77, 176-177 industry projects, 180- 181 information exchange opportunities, 182- 183 international efforts, 182 for management, 175 as marine debris control strategy, 76-78, 173 Marine Debris Information Offices, 177-178 model program, 183- 185 Navy projects, 181 objectives for small public vessel sector, 232 for offshore industry, 116, 234 opportunities for improvement, 188-189 port projects, 179- 180 private organization for, 187 public awareness, 8, 11, 22, 86, 174, 181-182 publicly chartered independent foundation for, 7, 250 recommendations for, 10, 249-250 Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... INDEX for recreational boating community, 87, 178 - 179, 226 for research fleet, 133-136, 238239 Sea Grant program, 178 sectoral focus, 76-77 strategic role of, 6, 173, 174, 183184 targeting of groups for, 184- 185 types of, 174-175 Enforcement of Annex V by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 200 Annex V guidelines, 289-292 in cargo fleet, 100- 101, 230-231 in commercial fishing fleet, 93-94, 95, 228 in cruise fleet, 237-238 definition, 7 n.3 handling of civil cases, 8, 10- 11, 199-200 international monitoring of, 18, 201-202 liability issues, 165-166 in Navy, 117-121, 124 obstacles to, 22, 84, 196- 198 in offshore industry, 114- 116 opportunities for improvement, 7-8, 198-203, 208 participants in information gathering, 84-85 n passenger cruise ship industry, 126 in passenger day boat and ferry sector, 107 penalties, 7 port state authority, 7, 198- 199 private sector efforts, 78 public awareness, 8, 11, 22 recent trends, 197 recommendations, 10- 11, 247-249 record-keeping for, 8, 201 in recreational boating community, 87 347 repeat offenders, 200-201 in research fleet, 132- 133 responsibility for, 1, 8 role of, 78 in special areas, 8, 16, 27-28 surveillance activities, 201-203 U.S. policy, 18 Environmental concerns Annex V enforcement in sensitive areas, 8 effects of marine debris, 52, 53-54 human health risks from marine debris, 52-53 monitoring Annex V effects, 210, 214-220 private efforts for Annex V compliance, 26 scientific monitoring of debris impacts, 241-242 Environmental Protection Agency, 48 in data collection effort, 212, 216 education and training activities, 176 funding for Annex V compliance efforts, 22 Gulf of Mexico Program, 27-28 hazardous waste management strategy, 80-81 on integrated solid waste management systems, 141 leadership role in Annex V implementation, 192-194 port facility oversight, 164, 168 in port management of vessel garbage, 6 recommendations for, 9, 11, 242, 244, 245 in regulation of offshore industry, 114-115 regulatory authority, 21 research vessel, 127-130 surveillance program, 203 Read the entire page →
From page 348... ... See also Commercial fishing fleet Food waste, 8, 16, 148-149, 271 Foreign fleet compliance, 228-229 Fur seals, 54, 216-217 G Gas exchange in marine environment, 1, 54, 217 Ghost fishing, 56 Gulf of Mexico, 27-28, 50, 116 special areas designation, 204 n.12, 206-207 H Hazard evolution model application to marine debris analysis, 66-67 application to seafarer community, 79 for assessment of Annex V, 3, 63, 66-67, 79-81 characteristics, 64-66 conceptual development, 64 economic incentives in, 78-79 educational interventions, 76-78 government and private regulation in, 78 organizational and operational change in, 69, 74-76 sectoral analysis, 79 significance of, 80-81 technological innovations in, 68-69 Hazardous waste, 53, 166 produced by offshore industry, 45 Health risks, 52-53 Historical practice, 13 Hypoxic marine environment debris as cause of, 1, 2, 54, 217 definition, 2 n.1 INDEX I Implementation of Annex V APHIS and, 20, 168 assessment of effectiveness of, 210, 220, 223-224 certificate of compliance, 100-101 economic incentives, 78-79 education and training for, 6-7, 76 77, 173, 174, 176-177 evaluation criteria, 224 federal government role, 167- 168 by foreign fishing fleets, 228-229 guidelines for, 269-292, 294-312 hazard evolution model for analysis of, 3, 63, 66-67, 79-81 international monitoring of, 18 knowledge base for, 32 liability issues as obstacle to, 165 166 obstacles to, 1, 19-21, 63 opportunities for, 28-29, 240 organizational implications, 69, 74 76 overarching issues, 7-8, 191, 208 private efforts, 26-27 recommendations, 8-12, 223, 241 253 role of strategic planning in, 222 scientific monitoring, 241-242 sectoral objectives, 3, 83 in special areas, 204-208 state initiatives, 25-26 strategy design, 83-85, 143, 223 successful efforts, 22 technology assistance for, 167- 168 trends, 22-23 U.S. agencies involved in, 21 U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 349... ... Department of, 10 L Leadership, 7, 9 of education and training efforts, 185-187 Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... , 1, 1920 education and training activities, 176 foreign-flag ship compliance, 100 monitoring activity, 34 obstacles to, 22 Maritime Administration in enhancement of vessel garbage management, 6 INDEX leadership role in Annex implementation, 194 mission, 21 recommendations for, 12, 247 research and development activities, 154, 168, 247 MARPOL 73/78, 1, 15 administration of, 15 Annex 1 compliance, 213-214 signatories, 15 structure and scope, 15 See also Annex V of MARPOL Medical waste, 52-53, 53 n.l4 Merchant marine, 36 MERP. See Marine Entanglement Research Program Minerals Management Service, 11, 21, 45, 116, 202 leadership role in Annex V implementation, 194 mission, 85 Movement and persistence of marine debris, 51-52 MPPRCA. Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... enforcement of Annex V, 196-198 p Packaging, 136 cargo-related garbage, 16 disposable items, 35-36 industry education, 7 in MARPOL conventions, 15 reducing plastic waste in military supplies, 25, 111 source reduction strategies, 143144 Paper, 49, 149 Passenger day boats and ferries, 2 control structure for, 107 debris generated by, 44 intelligence gathering mechanisms, 106 interventions to improve Annex V compliance, 107 objectives for Annex V compliance, 231 types of ships in, 44 Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... . monitoring In marine environment, 33, 217-220, 241 on-board storage, 24, 144-145 packaging, 144 recommendations for monitoring, 11, 241 research needs, 2-3 Plastics Reduction in the Marine Environment, 25 Port management of vessel garbage, 3 accountability, 163- 165 Annex V guidelines, 288-289 Annex V requirements, 20, 140 cargo fleet operations and, 101, 106, 229-230 Coast Guard oversight, 10 commercial environment, 140- 141 commercial fishing fleet, 94, 157, 226-227 cost of, 78-79 cruise ship industry, 47, 126-127, 237 INDEX education and training for, 175, 179-180 EPA oversight, 11, 168 inadequacy of, 144, 155 liability issues, 165-166 MARPOL provisions, 268 for Navy, 117 offshore industry, 114, 233-234 opportunities for improvement, 6, 7-8, 9, 168-169 payment for, 166-167, 168-169 quarantine requirements, 162 record keeping, 211, 212 recreational boating sector, 225-226 recycling, 145, 159, 168 regulatory responsibility, 6 reporting of inadequate facilities, 10, 85, 202, 245, 293 research fleet, 131, 132, 238-239 sectoral diversity, 140 small public vessel sector, 232 in special areas, 206 strategies, 157-159 technical standards, 10 technological innovations, 69 U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... See Compactors, incinerators, pulpers, and shredders Sorting, 143 Source control, 3, 143-144 Sources of vessel garbage, 2 Annex V application, 35 cargo ships, 43-44 commercial fishing fleet, 42-43 cruise ships, 46-47 current understanding, 35-37, 57 offshore industrial activities, 45-46 passenger day boats and ferries, 44 recreational boats, 40-41 research needs, 57 research vessels, 47-48 small public vessels, 44-45 U.S. Navy, 46 Special areas, 8, 16, 204 n.11 characteristics, 50 disposal practices in, 204 growth of, 204 n.13 Gulf of Mexico, 27-28 MARPOL definition, 263 MARPOL provisions, 203-204, 265-267 movement and persistence of debris in, 50-51 MPPRCA requirements, 20 Navy in, 120 port facilities, 206 research vessels in, 130-131 Wider Caribbean, 204, 206-208 State, U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... . Opportumtles for improving management system, 5-6, 9, 159-169 submerged, 50 See also Sources of vessel garbage W Washington state, 26 Whales, 55 Wildlife entanglement in marine debris, 5455, 216 ingestion of plastic, 55-56 monitoring Annex V impacts on, 216-217 recommendations for research on interaction with debris, 11 World Bank, 207, 237-238 Read the entire page →
From page 355... ... INDEX z Zero-discharge, 8, 224-225, 251 in commercial fishing sector, 226 objectives for offshore industry, 233 objectives for U.S. Navy, 234-236 in passenger day boat and ferry sector, 231 in recreational boating sector, 225 research vessel operations, 238 355 Read the entire page →

From page 343...

... Department of, 6, 12, 21 See also Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 343 AIDS, 53 n.l4 Air pollution, 15, 152 American Association of Port Authorities, 156 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) , 20, 148, 168 Annex V and, 6, 20, 168 cargo fleet regulation, 101, 230 enforcement procedures, 200, 201 information gathering activities, 99100, 211, 220, 249 quarantine requirements, 160-163 recommendations for, 6, 12, 243, 245 statistical data, 22 Annex V of MARPOL control strategy, 16, 63 on data collection, 2 discharge restrictions, 16, 264-267 disposal equipment performance standards, 148 enforcement of.

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From page 344...

... See Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Army Corps of Engineers, 165 B Beach cleanups and surveys, 2, 23, 26, 34, 80, 181 amount of plastic items, 49 appearance of heavy items, 49 for monitoring Annex V effects, 214-216 Benthos plastic debris in, 218 sampling technique, 219 debris accumulation in, 2 marine debris in, 34 plastic debris in, 218-219 recommendations for monitoring debris in, 241, 242 Biodegradable plastics, 33 n.1 Birds entanglement with marine debris, 54-55 ingestion of plastic debris, 55 C California, 26 Cargo-associated waste, 16, 271 Cargo fleet, 2 access to garbage management technology, 229 crew complement, 43-44 INDEX disposal records, 229-230 educational efforts, 105- 106, 180, 230 information gathering in, 99-100 interventions to improve Annex V compliance, 10, 12, 101-106 mandated off-loading at U.S. port calls, 168 regulatory structure, 100-101 size of, 43 strategic objectives for Annex V compliance, 229-231 Center for Marine Conservation, 177, 181-182, 203, 215, 216 Clean Water Act, 115 Coast Guard cargo fleet regulation, 10, 99, 100, 230 commercial fisheries oversight, 94 compliance measures in, 110, 111, 147 data gathering by, 211, 220, 248, 249 education and training activities, 176 enforcement in civil cases, 8, 10 11, 199-200 in enforcement of Annex V, 7, 8, 21, 196-197, 230, 248-249 in enforcement of MARPOL, 1, 146 fleet characteristics, 45 leadership role in Annex V implementation, 192 monitoring shipboard garbage disposal records, 10, 201 National Safe Boating Week activities, 178-179 .

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From page 345...

... port calls, 168 objectives for Annex V compliance, 236-238 on-board treatment/destruction technology, 147 as source of maritime debris, 40 vessel design, 127 waste management system, 151 D Data collection and management for Annex V compliance and enforcement, 8, 11, 32, 84-85, 210-214, 220, 248, 249 beach surveys, 23, 214-216, 219 characteristics of maritime garbage, 36-40 on effects of debris in marine environment, 2, 11 environmental monitoring, 214220, 241-242 garbage off-loading statistics, 22 identifying vessel garbage, 33-35 information exchange opportunities, 182- 183 international efforts, 11, 212-214 legal discharge, 32-33 lost fishing gear, 95 marine accidents involving debris, 53

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From page 346...

... . conomlc Issues access to on-board garbage management systems, 11- 12 agency funding for Annex V compliance efforts, 22 beach cleanup costs, 15 n.1 cost of marine debris effects, 15 economic incentives for Annex V compliance, 25, 78-79, 98-99, 106 funding for education and training efforts, 187- 188 garbage maintenance on research ships, 132, 136 interventions in offshore industry, 116-117 payment for vessel garbage disposal, 166- 167, 168- 169, 230, 243 shoreside garbage disposal, 158 INDEX tariff for garbage disposal cost, 167 in technology acquisition, 246 technology development activities, 79, 154-155, 168 vessel garbage management system, 6 Education and training for cargo ship sector, 105-106, 230 commercial fishing fleet, 95, 227, 228 for cruise ship industry, 126, 237 definition, 173 for employees in maritime industry, 175 federal role, 185- 189 funding issues, 187- 188 good examples of, 179 guidelines for Annex V implementation, 272-274 for implementation of Annex V, 67, 76-77, 176-177 industry projects, 180- 181 information exchange opportunities, 182- 183 international efforts, 182 for management, 175 as marine debris control strategy, 76-78, 173 Marine Debris Information Offices, 177-178 model program, 183- 185 Navy projects, 181 objectives for small public vessel sector, 232 for offshore industry, 116, 234 opportunities for improvement, 188-189 port projects, 179- 180 private organization for, 187 public awareness, 8, 11, 22, 86, 174, 181-182 publicly chartered independent foundation for, 7, 250 recommendations for, 10, 249-250

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From page 347...

... INDEX for recreational boating community, 87, 178 - 179, 226 for research fleet, 133-136, 238239 Sea Grant program, 178 sectoral focus, 76-77 strategic role of, 6, 173, 174, 183184 targeting of groups for, 184- 185 types of, 174-175 Enforcement of Annex V by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 200 Annex V guidelines, 289-292 in cargo fleet, 100- 101, 230-231 in commercial fishing fleet, 93-94, 95, 228 in cruise fleet, 237-238 definition, 7 n.3 handling of civil cases, 8, 10- 11, 199-200 international monitoring of, 18, 201-202 liability issues, 165-166 in Navy, 117-121, 124 obstacles to, 22, 84, 196- 198 in offshore industry, 114- 116 opportunities for improvement, 7-8, 198-203, 208 participants in information gathering, 84-85 n passenger cruise ship industry, 126 in passenger day boat and ferry sector, 107 penalties, 7 port state authority, 7, 198- 199 private sector efforts, 78 public awareness, 8, 11, 22 recent trends, 197 recommendations, 10- 11, 247-249 record-keeping for, 8, 201 in recreational boating community, 87 347 repeat offenders, 200-201 in research fleet, 132- 133 responsibility for, 1, 8 role of, 78 in special areas, 8, 16, 27-28 surveillance activities, 201-203 U.S. policy, 18 Environmental concerns Annex V enforcement in sensitive areas, 8 effects of marine debris, 52, 53-54 human health risks from marine debris, 52-53 monitoring Annex V effects, 210, 214-220 private efforts for Annex V compliance, 26 scientific monitoring of debris impacts, 241-242 Environmental Protection Agency, 48 in data collection effort, 212, 216 education and training activities, 176 funding for Annex V compliance efforts, 22 Gulf of Mexico Program, 27-28 hazardous waste management strategy, 80-81 on integrated solid waste management systems, 141 leadership role in Annex V implementation, 192-194 port facility oversight, 164, 168 in port management of vessel garbage, 6 recommendations for, 9, 11, 242, 244, 245 in regulation of offshore industry, 114-115 regulatory authority, 21 research vessel, 127-130 surveillance program, 203

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From page 348...

... See also Commercial fishing fleet Food waste, 8, 16, 148-149, 271 Foreign fleet compliance, 228-229 Fur seals, 54, 216-217 G Gas exchange in marine environment, 1, 54, 217 Ghost fishing, 56 Gulf of Mexico, 27-28, 50, 116 special areas designation, 204 n.12, 206-207 H Hazard evolution model application to marine debris analysis, 66-67 application to seafarer community, 79 for assessment of Annex V, 3, 63, 66-67, 79-81 characteristics, 64-66 conceptual development, 64 economic incentives in, 78-79 educational interventions, 76-78 government and private regulation in, 78 organizational and operational change in, 69, 74-76 sectoral analysis, 79 significance of, 80-81 technological innovations in, 68-69 Hazardous waste, 53, 166 produced by offshore industry, 45 Health risks, 52-53 Historical practice, 13 Hypoxic marine environment debris as cause of, 1, 2, 54, 217 definition, 2 n.1 INDEX I Implementation of Annex V APHIS and, 20, 168 assessment of effectiveness of, 210, 220, 223-224 certificate of compliance, 100-101 economic incentives, 78-79 education and training for, 6-7, 76 77, 173, 174, 176-177 evaluation criteria, 224 federal government role, 167- 168 by foreign fishing fleets, 228-229 guidelines for, 269-292, 294-312 hazard evolution model for analysis of, 3, 63, 66-67, 79-81 international monitoring of, 18 knowledge base for, 32 liability issues as obstacle to, 165 166 obstacles to, 1, 19-21, 63 opportunities for, 28-29, 240 organizational implications, 69, 74 76 overarching issues, 7-8, 191, 208 private efforts, 26-27 recommendations, 8-12, 223, 241 253 role of strategic planning in, 222 scientific monitoring, 241-242 sectoral objectives, 3, 83 in special areas, 204-208 state initiatives, 25-26 strategy design, 83-85, 143, 223 successful efforts, 22 technology assistance for, 167- 168 trends, 22-23 U.S. agencies involved in, 21 U.S.

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From page 349...

... Department of, 10 L Leadership, 7, 9 of education and training efforts, 185-187

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From page 350...

... , 1, 1920 education and training activities, 176 foreign-flag ship compliance, 100 monitoring activity, 34 obstacles to, 22 Maritime Administration in enhancement of vessel garbage management, 6 INDEX leadership role in Annex implementation, 194 mission, 21 recommendations for, 12, 247 research and development activities, 154, 168, 247 MARPOL 73/78, 1, 15 administration of, 15 Annex 1 compliance, 213-214 signatories, 15 structure and scope, 15 See also Annex V of MARPOL Medical waste, 52-53, 53 n.l4 Merchant marine, 36 MERP. See Marine Entanglement Research Program Minerals Management Service, 11, 21, 45, 116, 202 leadership role in Annex V implementation, 194 mission, 85 Movement and persistence of marine debris, 51-52 MPPRCA.

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From page 351...

... enforcement of Annex V, 196-198 p Packaging, 136 cargo-related garbage, 16 disposable items, 35-36 industry education, 7 in MARPOL conventions, 15 reducing plastic waste in military supplies, 25, 111 source reduction strategies, 143144 Paper, 49, 149 Passenger day boats and ferries, 2 control structure for, 107 debris generated by, 44 intelligence gathering mechanisms, 106 interventions to improve Annex V compliance, 107 objectives for Annex V compliance, 231 types of ships in, 44

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From page 352...

... . monitoring In marine environment, 33, 217-220, 241 on-board storage, 24, 144-145 packaging, 144 recommendations for monitoring, 11, 241 research needs, 2-3 Plastics Reduction in the Marine Environment, 25 Port management of vessel garbage, 3 accountability, 163- 165 Annex V guidelines, 288-289 Annex V requirements, 20, 140 cargo fleet operations and, 101, 106, 229-230 Coast Guard oversight, 10 commercial environment, 140- 141 commercial fishing fleet, 94, 157, 226-227 cost of, 78-79 cruise ship industry, 47, 126-127, 237 INDEX education and training for, 175, 179-180 EPA oversight, 11, 168 inadequacy of, 144, 155 liability issues, 165-166 MARPOL provisions, 268 for Navy, 117 offshore industry, 114, 233-234 opportunities for improvement, 6, 7-8, 9, 168-169 payment for, 166-167, 168-169 quarantine requirements, 162 record keeping, 211, 212 recreational boating sector, 225-226 recycling, 145, 159, 168 regulatory responsibility, 6 reporting of inadequate facilities, 10, 85, 202, 245, 293 research fleet, 131, 132, 238-239 sectoral diversity, 140 small public vessel sector, 232 in special areas, 206 strategies, 157-159 technical standards, 10 technological innovations, 69 U.S.

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From page 353...

... See Compactors, incinerators, pulpers, and shredders Sorting, 143 Source control, 3, 143-144 Sources of vessel garbage, 2 Annex V application, 35 cargo ships, 43-44 commercial fishing fleet, 42-43 cruise ships, 46-47 current understanding, 35-37, 57 offshore industrial activities, 45-46 passenger day boats and ferries, 44 recreational boats, 40-41 research needs, 57 research vessels, 47-48 small public vessels, 44-45 U.S. Navy, 46 Special areas, 8, 16, 204 n.11 characteristics, 50 disposal practices in, 204 growth of, 204 n.13 Gulf of Mexico, 27-28 MARPOL definition, 263 MARPOL provisions, 203-204, 265-267 movement and persistence of debris in, 50-51 MPPRCA requirements, 20 Navy in, 120 port facilities, 206 research vessels in, 130-131 Wider Caribbean, 204, 206-208 State, U.S.

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From page 354...

... . Opportumtles for improving management system, 5-6, 9, 159-169 submerged, 50 See also Sources of vessel garbage W Washington state, 26 Whales, 55 Wildlife entanglement in marine debris, 5455, 216 ingestion of plastic, 55-56 monitoring Annex V impacts on, 216-217 recommendations for research on interaction with debris, 11 World Bank, 207, 237-238

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From page 355...

... INDEX z Zero-discharge, 8, 224-225, 251 in commercial fishing sector, 226 objectives for offshore industry, 233 objectives for U.S. Navy, 234-236 in passenger day boat and ferry sector, 231 in recreational boating sector, 225 research vessel operations, 238 355

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INDEX Pages 343-355

INDEX
Pages 343-355