Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials (1995) / Chapter Skim
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SENSORS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SENSORS
Pages 9-18
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From page 9... ...
Ongoing developments in materials technology will permit better control of material properties and behavior, thereby offering possibilities for new sensors with advanced features, such as greater fidelity, Tower cost, and increased reliability. As noted in the preface, the Committee on New Sensor Technologies: Materials and Applications was asked to identify novel sensor materials that could benefit the manufacture and operation of advanced systems for the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and to identify research ant!
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The diaphragm could be made of a piezoelectric material, in which the air would induce an electrical charge; an inductive or capacitive effect could be employed to measure the charge related to the strain and the deflection and thereby infer the pressure. Thus understanding all of the possible field effects and features of transducer materials behavior provides the most complete set of sensor design options.
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Table 1-2 lists the six energy forms or signal domains generally encountered with examples of typical properties that are measured using those energy forms. Table 1-3 (Gope!
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effects; Hall effect, e.g., and magneto Ettings- resistance. hausen effect.
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They referred to self-generating and modulating as fundamental transduction principles to be included in a chart such as Table 13, thereby creating a third dimension. A sensor based on a modulating principle requires an auxiliary energy source; one based on a self-generating principle does not.
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For instance, it has been shown that reaction of certain gases on a surface can be effectively measured with a novel sensing approach that uses the differential thermal expansion of a bimetallic material and changes in Magnetic _ field ~ Magneto stricter | MesCthaniC al ~ heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the sensor elements (Gimzewski et al., 1994~. Other possible classification methods for sensors include: · physical or chemical effect/transduction · ~ principle; measurand (primary input variable)
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Smart sensors are designed to present a simple face to the host structure via a digital interface, such that the complexity is borne by the sensor and not by the central signal processing system. This report does not address specific technologies associated with smart sensing but instead presents the concept and identifies where and why opportunities exist for new sensor materials as well as for the utilization of existing materials that have not traditionally been used for sensing applications.
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using micromachining techniques or thin-fiIm technologies. Many silicon manufacturing techniques are now being used to make not only sensor elements but also multilayered sensors and sensor arrays that are able to provide internal compensation and increase reliability.
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In order to accelerate the incorporation of emerging sensor materials in new applications, it is critically important that the sensor materials com munity be able to readily identify sensing needs and to target those physical phenomena that candidate materials could sense. The definitions of the terms "sensor," "sensor element," and "sensor system" given above have been adopted by the committee In order to facilitate coherent and consistent analysis of sensor technologies.
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From page 18... ...
4. There are many examples in the technical literature of smart sensors in which the modulating energy source is discrete from the sensor package/chip.
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