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3 REACTOR-PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES
Pages 35-56

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From page 35... ... , the widespread uses of radioactivity began with the production of radionuclides at the reactor at ORNL. Sodium-24 was one of the first radionuclides used to measure the permeability of canine red blood cells in vivo. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... In addition, many of the isotopes useful for therapeutic applications, such as strontium-89 for the palliation of metastatic bone pain, are produced in reactors. Two other reactor-produced radioisotopes, samarium- 153 and rhenium- 186, may also be of use in the treatment of bone cancer and are currently under clinical study. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... The 99mMo/99mTc generator discussed above has vastly simplified this process by allowing hospitals to prepare their own radiopharmaceuticals on-site and when needed. Developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory in the early l950s as part of the program to separate fission products, the 99Mo/g9mTc generator has now become the major source of radionuclides for nuclear medicine (Table 3-21. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... 38 TABLE 3-1 Applications ISOTOPES FOR MEDICINE AND THE LIFE SCIENCES Selected Reactor-Produced Radionuclides with Biomedical Radionuclides Uses Arsenic-77 � In cancer therapy Bromine-82 � In metabolic studies and studies of estrogen receptor content Calcium-47 � In studies of cell function and bone formation of mammals and to produce Scandium-47 Californium-252 � In brachytherapy for treatment of cervical cancer and potentially for treatment of gliomas Carbon-14 � For medical research to trace metabolism of new drugs and other organic carbon-containing molecules Cerium-141 � For research and development on lung densities Cesium- 137 Chromium-51 Cobalt-58 Cobalt-60 Copper-64 Copper-67 Dysprosium- 165 Dysprosium- 166 Einsteinium-253 Erbium- 169 Fermium-255 Gadolinium- 159 Gold- 199 Holmium- 166 Iodine- 125 Iodine- 129 Iodine- 131 . Iridium- 191 Iridium- 192 Lutetium- 177m Molybdenum-99 Osmium-191 Osmium- 194 Palladium- 103 Phosphorus-32 Phosphorus-33 Platinum- l 95m To treat cancer; to measure correct patient dosages of radiopharmaceuticals To assess red blood cell survival studies � To diagnose pernicious anemia To treat cancer and sterilize surgical instruments � As a clinical diagnostic agent for cancer and metabolic disorders � In cancer therapy and to label antibodies for cancer therapy � To treat rheumatoid arthritis Decays to holmium-166 which is used in cancer therapy To radiolabel antibodies for cancer therapy � To treat rheumatoid arthritis � To radiolabel antibodies for cancer therapy - In cancer therapy In cancer therapy and to treat rheumatoid arthritis In cancer therapy and to treat rheumatoid arthritis As a potential cancer therapeutic agent and for basic biomedical research To check radioactivity counters in in vitro diagnostic testing - To diagnose and treat thyroid disorders including cancer and for basic biomedical research To assess cardiac function especially in the pediatric population � In cancer therapy � In cancer therapy and to label antibodies for cancer therapy � To produce technetium-99m, the most commonly used radioisotope in clinical nuclear medicine � Decays to iridium-19lm, which is used for cardiac studies � Decays to iridium-194, which is used in cancer therapy � In the treatment of prostate cancer In cancer treatment, cell metabolism and kinetics, molecular biology, genetics research, biochemistry, microbiology, enzymology, and as a starter to make many basic chemicals and research products In cancer treatment, molecular biology and genetic research, and biochemical and enzymological studies In pharmacokinetic studies of antitumor agents Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... � As a bone cancer therapeutic agent and to radiolabel various molecules as cancer therapeutic agents; also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis � For treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma and alleviation of pain in bone metastases � For treatment of ocular cancer � To radiolabel various molecules as cancer therapeutic agents and to alleviate bone cancer pain � In the therapy of cancer � In protein studies in life science research � In cancer therapy � To study bone formation and metabolism � To alleviate metastatic bone pain � Decays to yttrium-90, which is used in cancer therapy � In studies of cell metabolism and kinetics, molecular biology, genetics research, biochemistry, microbiology, enzymology, and as a starter to make many basic chemicals and research products The most widely used radiopharmaceutical in nuclear medicine imaging For research and development on lung densities and calibrating; also used in cardiology For palliative treatment of bone cancer pain To make tritiated water, which is used as a starter for thousands of different research products and basic chemicals, and for life science and drug metabolism studies to ensure the safety of potential new drugs Tungsten-188 � Decays to rhenium-188 for treatment of cancer and rheumatoid arthritis Xenon-133 � In nuclear medicine for lung ventilation and perfusion studies Yttrium-90 � To radiolabel various molecules as cancer therapeutic agents SOURCES: Carmain, 1993; personal communication from T Rosseel, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, February 11, 1994. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... 40 ISOTOPES FOR MEDICINE AND THE LIFE SCIENCES TABLE 3-2 Technetium-Based Radiopharmaceuticals Generic Name Product Name Use Manufacturer Technetium generator Ultra-TechneKow FM Supply of 99mTc Mallinckrodt Technetium generator Supply of 99mTc Medi-Physics TechneLite Supply of 99mTc DuPont-Merck Aggregated albumin Macrotec Lung imaging Squibb TechneScan MAA Lung imaging Mallinckrodt Pulmolite Lung imaging DuPont-Merck Aggregated albumin Lung imaging CIS-US MPI MAA Lung imaging Merck Sharp & Dohme Albumin colloid Microlite Imaging of RE system Dupont-Merck Serum albumin HSA Kit Blood pool imaging Medi-Physics Disofenin Hepatolite Hepatobiliary imaging Dupont-Merck Exametazime Ceretec Cerebral perfusion Amersham Lidofenin TechneScan HIDA Hepatobiliary imaging Merck Sharp & Dohme Mebrofenin Choletec Hepatobiliary imaging Squibb Medronate Osteolite Bone imaging DuPont-Merck AN-MDP Bone imaging CIS-US TechneScan MDP Bone imaging Merck Sharp & Dohme MDP-Squibb Bone imaging Squibb Medronate Bone imaging Medi-Physics TechneScan MDP Bone imaging CIS-US Mertiatide TechneScan MAG3 Renal imaging Mallinckrodt Oxidronate OsteoSan HDP Bone imaging Mallinckrodt Penetate sodium DTPA Kidney and brain imaging Medi-Physics AN-DTPA Kidney and brain imaging CIS-US Techneplex Kidney and brain imaging CIS-US Pyro- and tri- TechneScan PYP Bone imaging Mallinckrodt metaphosphates Phosphotec Bone imaging Squibb Pyrolite Bone imaging DuPont-Merck AN-Pyrotec Bone imaging CIS-US Red blood cell kit Ultratag RBC Blood pool imaging Mallinckrodt RB-SCAN Blood pool imaging Cadema Sestamibi Cardiolite Myocardial imaging DuPont-Merck Gluceptate Glucoscan Kidney and brain imaging DuPont-Merck TechneScan Gluceptate Kidney and brain imaging Merck Sharp & - Dohme Succimer DMSA Renal studies Medi-Physics Sulfur colloid Sulfur Colloid Gastrointestinal and organ studies Medi-Physics Tesuloid Gastrointestinal and organ studies Squibb AN-Sulfur Colloid Gastrointestinal and organ studies CIS-US Teboroxime CardioTec Myocardial imaging Squibb SOURCE: R Brown, Mallinckrodt, Inc., personal communication, April 6, 1994. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... Scientists at Mallinckrodt Medical Inc., have attached samarium-153 and holmium-166 to hydroxyapatite particles as potential synovectomy agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, 1994~. Radiohalogen-labeled pyrimidine nucleosides have the potential to deliver short-range (Auger) Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... In 1991, MDS Health Group Ltd., a private company and Canada's largest diversified health care company, bought the Radiochemical Company for $165 million and renamed it Nordion International, Inc., upon privatization. According to MDS and Nordion, the key to their purchase was a 23-year guaranteed supply contract with AECL, which was then making isotopes with two reactors, the NRU and NRX reactors, and was about to Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... Apparently, neither AECL nor MDS anticipated that the $165 million paid by the latter for Nordion would not go to AECL, but instead would simply disappear into the federal government's consolidated revenue fund. MDS has filed a lawsuit claiming breach of contract and has asked the court to order AECL to complete construction or pay MDS $300 million in compensation. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... 44 ISOTOPES FOR MEDICINE AND THE LIFE SCIENCES TABLE 3-3 Reactors with Significant Isotope Production Capability Country Location Power Reactor (MOO) Isotopes Currently Produced United States Hanford, FFTF Washington Idaho ATR 250 Oak Ridge HEIR 100 National Laboratory Brookhaven HFBR 60 National Laboratory University of MURR 10 Missouri Los Alamos OWR National Laboratory 400 None; reactor in standby mode 60Co 63Ni, 192Ir, 153Gd 252Cf and other transuranics, 85Kr, 64Cu 67Cu, 1 1 7mSn' 1 gSmpt, others 47Sc 55Fe 64/67Cu, 119Sn,153Sm, 186Re 198/199AU, others 32p 192Ir 35S, 198Au, 186Re, 51Cr 103Pd, many others None; possible production of 99Mo Georgia Tech GTRR 5 goy 24Na 18F, 140La Massachusetts MITR-II 5 165Dy 166HO, 198Au Institute of Technology New Mexico None; possible production of 99Mo Oregon State Belgium Sweden Sandia OSTR 1 Mol BR-2 100 Nykoping Studsvik 50 The Netherlands Petten HFR 45 Canada Chalk River NRU 40 France Saclay OSIRIS 70 Grenoble SILOE 35 Poland Warsaw Maria 30 Variety 99Mo 1 33Xe, 131 I, 1 92Ir, others 32p 60Co 192Ir, 89sr, 90y, others; principal supplier for Amersham 99Mo 133Xe, 1311, 192Ir, others 99Mo, 60Co, 14c, 32p 89Sr goy 1251 1311 137cs, 133Xe, 192Ir 99Mo 133Xe' 1311, 192Ir, others 99Mo 133Xe, 1311, 192Ir, others Possible fission products Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... , with the aid of some quarter of a million dollars from the radiopharmaceutical industry, immediately began a feasibility study that ultimately pointed to the underutilized Omega West reactor at Los Alamos National Laboratory as a potentially viable source of 99Mo and other reactor isotopes (Public Law 101-101, the Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act of 1990, required isotope production and distribution to be self-supporting as of fiscal year 19901. DOE bought the relevant technology from Cintichem and invested $3.5 million dollars for process devel Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... research reactor currently proposed for construction at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is a potential source for the cost-effective production of 99Mo sometime after 2003. The primary research, education, and training missions of this $2 billion to $3 billion reactor center do not include isotope production at the moment, but focus on condensed-matter research and materials analysis. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... of the North Texas Research Institute, proposes using neutrons generated via accelerator-based methods at low energy. A different approach is being attempted by researchers at the University of Missouri who have used patented gel technology to develop a 99Mo/99mTc generator that produces low-specific-activity 99Mo by neutron activation of 98Mo instead of the high-specific-activity 99Mo fission product (University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, 1994~. Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... In 1993, 56 of 157 MURR publications were on biomedical or life science projects (University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, 19941. Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... The present committee believes that the observations of the 1988 report are still valid and that the $10 million to $20 million being considered for support of the Omega West or the Sandia National Laboratory reactors would be better spent on radionuclide production at university research reactors, especially the larger ones, and specifically the University of Missouri Research Reactor Center. Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... 0.03 Tin-119m Chemical tracer, gamma calibration source 0.03 Tellurium- 123m Mossbauer source; lung, heart research 0.04 Antimony- 124 Oil well tracer 5.4 Tellurium-125m Mossbauer source 0.007 Tellurium-129m Mossbauer source 0.001 Barium- 133 Calibration source for detectors, gamma cameras 0.2 Samarium-145 Therapy for cancer (proposed) O.1 Samarium-153 Therapy for bone cancer (clinical trials) Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... Gamma ray source for materials research Therapy for bone cancer (clinical trials) Therapy for thyroid, bone cancers (clinical trials) Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... for medical and research facilities, the committee recommends core support for reactor-based isotope production. The University of Missouri Research Reactor appears to be the best currently available facility that can meet this need. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... U.S. Department of Energy Isotope Production and Distribution Program Management Study. Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... University of Missouri Research Reactor Center. Read the entire page →

From page 35...

... , the widespread uses of radioactivity began with the production of radionuclides at the reactor at ORNL. Sodium-24 was one of the first radionuclides used to measure the permeability of canine red blood cells in vivo.

3 REACTOR-PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES Pages 35-56

3 REACTOR-PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES
Pages 35-56