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1 Introduction
Pages 26-42

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From page 26... ... But, it should be recognized that drug addiction is a disease thriller, l991:one that is widespread in the United States (there are an estimated 0.5-l million heroin-dependent individuals and 2.1 million cocainedependent individuals) and shows no signs of abating according to national surveys (Hunt and Rhodes, 1992; Kreek, 1992; Johnston et al., 1994a,b~and like people with any other medical condition, drug addicted individuals deserve to be considered as candidates for medications. Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... Committee to Study Medication Development and Research at the National institute on Drug Anuse focuses on pharmacotherapy for the treatment of drug addiction for several reasons: � Phannacotherapy for opiate addiction is successful, and it seems reasonable to assume that effective medications could be useful in treating cocaine addiction. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... Historical analysis has demonstrated that policy trends are driven by various factors, including the social class of drug-users, prevailing perceptions regarding the causes of drug addiction (e.g., personal choice, physiological dependence, moral weakness, and genetic predisposition) , the limited availability of effective treatments (e.g., methadone) Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... of AIDS cases reported from June 1993 through June 1994 were related to injection of illicit drugs through the sharing of contaminated injection equipment, through heterosexual contact with an injecting drug-user (IDU) , or through maternal injection of drugs (Table 1.1) Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... Most (55 percent) of the pediatric AIDS cases are associated with injection of illicit drugs 38 percent with maternal injection of drugs and 17 percent with maternal sexual contact with an IDU (CDC, 1994~.A11 infants bone to HIV-infected mothers carry passively acquired maternal antibodies that make them HIV-seropositive, and an estimated 25-35 percent of these infants are actually infected (Hardy, 1991~. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... . It is again an immediate threat to the well-being of thousands of Americans who are homeless, live in poverty, take illicit drugs, or are infected with HIV. Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... Long-term developmental consequences of in utero exposure to illicit drugs including language, behavioral, and learning difficulties are being studied (Kronstadt, 1991; Zuckerman, 1991~. ECONOMIC COSTS OF ILLICIT DRUG USE TO SOCIETY Given the extent of the major health consequences associated with illicit drug use, the need for treatment? Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... TABLE 1.2 Estimated Economic Costs of Drug Abuse, 1990 Type of Cost Amount Percent ($ millions) Distribution . Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... and mortality costs (the value of productivity lost because of premature death resulting from drug addiction) ; these indirect costs were estimated to total over $11 billion in 1990 in the United States. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... U.S. national drug-control policy has focused primarily on supply reduction; about two-thirds of drug-control expenditure has gone for interdiction, intelligence, incarceration, and other law-enforcement activities (ONDCP, 1992~. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... . � Marijuana, the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, has been tried by nearly one-third of all Americans, with highest preceding year use in those 18-25 years old (22.9 percent had used marijuana in 1993~. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... Drug use was a direct or contributing factor in 7,532 deaths reported in 1992 to the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) by 137 medical examiner facilities in 38 metropolitan areas. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... :> can Vet a z z z z z � V _ ~ ~ ~ ~_ _ O O _ _- 0 0Z _ ~D ~ v~ O ~ ~ ~ . Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... It became evident that many factors contribute, including: an inadequate science base on addiction and the prevention of relapse (especially for cocaine) ; an uncertain market environment (which includes such issues as: treatment financing, lack of trained specialists for the treatment of drug addiction, federal and state regulations, market size, pricing issues, societal stigma, liability issues, difficulties in conducting clinical research) Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... Journal of the American Medical Association 269:2865-2868. Bray RIM, Kroutil LA, Luckey JW, Wheeless SC, Iannacchione VG, Anderson DW, Marsden ME, Dunteman GH.1992.1992 Worldwide Survey of Substance Abuse and Health Behaviors Among Military Personnel. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... Journal of the American Medical Association 267:3075-3076. Kreek MJ. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... Journal of the American Medical Association 267:3071-3072. SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) Read the entire page →

From page 26...

... But, it should be recognized that drug addiction is a disease thriller, l991:one that is widespread in the United States (there are an estimated 0.5-l million heroin-dependent individuals and 2.1 million cocainedependent individuals) and shows no signs of abating according to national surveys (Hunt and Rhodes, 1992; Kreek, 1992; Johnston et al., 1994a,b~and like people with any other medical condition, drug addicted individuals deserve to be considered as candidates for medications.

1 Introduction Pages 26-42

1 Introduction
Pages 26-42