The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

INDEX
Pages 107-114

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 107... ... Index A Advection length, 20 Agriculture, 31, 32, 39 Algal blooms, 21, 31 Algal symbionts in coral ecosystems, 9, 26, 39 Antarctica, 50 Anthropogenic impacts in biodiversity change, 24-25 classification of, 25 on coastal habitats, 31-32 on coastal shelves, 41-42 on coral reefs, 39 as critical environmental issues, 24 in deep sea, 45 effects of, 5 in estuaries and bays, 37-38 habitat type variation, 36-37 predictive modeling, 22, 23 research agenda, 2-4, 23, 53, 74 research methodology, 59-60 in rocky intertidal zones, 40 role of taxonomic research, 46 scales of observation, 20, 35 in synergistic change processes, 25, 26-27 Aquaculture, 31 Archaea, 9 Arctic region, 50 Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean, 66 Association of Systematics Collection, 70 Asteria amurensis, 33 Australia, 33 Azov Sea, 33 B Ballast water, species transport in, 7, 32, 33, 37 Baltic Sea, 27, 50 Benthic environments anthropogenic impacts, 32 deep sea, 45 patch interactions, 17, 18 protist diversity, 9 rocky intertidal zones, 40 scales of observation, 18, 20 ultraviolet radiation effects, 33 Bering Sea, 41 Biodiversity in coral reefs, 38-39 current knowledge base, 2, 9-11, 68 deep sea, 44-45 definition, 1, 8 ecosystem diversity and, 13 interactions across scales, 16, 35 marine vs. terrestrial systems, 15 107 Read the entire page →
From page 108... ... 108 microorganisms, 10, 12 pelagic environments, 42-43 recent species identifications, 8-9 regional variation, 50 research questions, 52-53 in rocky intertidal zones, 40-41 Biodiversity change alterations in physical habitat and, 31-32 anthropogenic activities in, 24-25 appropriate scale of research in, 35-36 chemical pollution and eutrophication in, 1, 25, 30-31 coastal development in, 7 in coastal shelves, 41 contributors to, 1 in coral reefs, 39 effect of scientific activities, 30 in estuaries and bays, 37-38 in experimental settings, 67 fisheries operations in, 28-29 global climate change in, 32-34 increased diversity, 38 mariculture ejects, 30 natural events in, 24, 25, 26-27 negative outcomes, 1-2 operational descriptions, 25 regional interactions in, 17, 22 research topics, 49-52 retrospective analysis, 56-59 sampling methods, 63-65 significance of, 51, 52-53, 69 � � ~ species Invasion in, species removal in, 7 synergistic effects, 25, 26-27 taxonomic research, 46, 48 temporal scale considerations, 19-20 tourism effects, 40 Biomass, marine vs. terrestrial, 15 Biomedical science, 11 Black Sea, 33 Blue marlin, 62 Boundary definition criteria for, 14 habitat patch, 16-17 persistent physical phenomenon in, 19 in regional scale, 17, 19 for research scales, 20-21, 49 technology development for, 49 temporal features, 19-20 Brine seeps, 2 Bryozoans, 12 INDEX C California, 26, 29, 40 California Cooperative Ocean Fisheries Investigations, 58 Capitella "capitata," 12 Carbon cycle, 71, 73 Caribbean basin, 26, 39, 40 Caribbean star coral, 9, 12 CARICOMP, 66 Chemical pollution and eutrophication as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25, 30-31 in coral reef loss, 26, 39 in global climate change, 32-33, 34 in seaweed declines, 27 sources of, 30-31 Chesapeake Bay, 5, 27, 28 Chile, 40, 67 Chinese clam, 26, 33, 38 Chlorofluorocarbons, 32 Chlorophyll, marine effects of species invasion on local levels, 38 sources of, 9 Coastal habitats anthropogenic impacts, 31-32 commercial fishery effects, 28 continental shelves and slopes, 41-42 coral reefs, 38-39 development effects, 1, 7, 25 estuaries and bays, 37-38 eutrophication of, 31 exotic species invasions, 33 mariculture effects, 30 marine reserve research, 67 as regional-scale systems, 19 temperate zone rocky shores, 40-41 Coelacanth, 30 Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, 73 Communities in continuum of scales, 18 in metapopulation theory, 17 Connecticut, 7 Continental shelves, 41-42 Coral reefs algal symbionts in, 9, 26, 39 anthropogenic impacts, 6, 39 biodiversity, 38-39 commercial fishery effects, 28 coral species diversity, 12 core samples, 58 Read the entire page →
From page 109... ... terrestrial, 15 microbial diversity in, 10-11 in pelagic open ocean, 42-43 regional scale, 17, 19 research methodology, 59-66 research questions, 52 in rocky intertidal zones, 40-41 scale linkages, 35-36 spatial continuum, 16-19 in substrate-dominated systems, 42-43 synergistic effects in, 26-27 system interactions, 14-15, 22, 40-41 E1 Nino phenomenon, 22, 58 Endangered species, 25, 65 Environmental Protection Agency, 60 Erosion, 31 Estuaries and bays anthropogenic impacts in, 37 biodiversity in, 37-38 as research subject, 37-38 Eubacteria, 9 Eulerian motion, 55 Eutrophication. See Chemical pollution and eutrophication Evolutionary processes retrospective studies, 57 temporal scale, 19-20 Exotic species as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25, 26, 32, 33 Chinese clam in California, 26, 33 transport in ballast tanks, 7, 32, 33, 37 Extinction of species, 25 retrospective studies, 57, 58 F Federal programs, 71-73 Fertilizers, 31, 39 Finland, 27 Fisheries operations adaptive studies, 59 as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25 biotic survey data in, 59 by-catch effects, 30 on coastal shelves. Read the entire page →
From page 110... ... 0 dredging, 31 in estuaries and bays, 37 ghost fishing, 29 historical records, 57 indirect environmental effects, 30 mariculture, 30 in pelagic environments, 42 whale hunting, 6, 29 Fish kills, 9 Florida Bay, 21 Florida Keys, 26 Flow cytometry, 63 Fossil record, 57 Fucus vesiculosus, 27 Generation time, 20 Genetic change G fishery operations effects, 29 mariculture effects, 30 Microbial Genome Initiative data, 72-73 retrospective analysis, 57 temporal scale, 19-20 Geographical information systems, 64 Geologic time, 19-20 Germany, 27 Global climate change as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25 causes, 32 evidence in deep sea, 45 research in pelagic systems, 43, 71 threats to coral reefs, 39 ultraviolet radiation effects, 32-34 warming trend, 34 Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics, 70-71 Great Lakes, 33 Greenhouse effect, 34 Groupers, 7 Gulf of Maine, 31 Gulf of Mexico, 33, 41 Gyres, 19, 63 H Habitat diversity in coral reefs, 39 deep sea, 44 INDEX mapping, 64 metapopulation concept, 17 patch formation/maintenance, 16-17 potential advances in understanding, 13 in regional model systems, 36-37 research questions, 52 in shelf waters, 42 lIalogenated hydrocarbons, 31 Heavy metals, 31 Hydrothermal vents, 2, 47 International Council of Scientific Unions, 70 International Union of Biological Sciences, 70 International Union of Microbiological Scientists, 70 Iron, 43 J Japanese starfish, 33 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 70, 71 K Kemp's ridley sea turtle, 12 L Lagrangian motion, 55 Land reclamation, 31 Larval transport, 20 across regional systems, 22 numerical modeling, 55, 56 in shelf waters, 42 Latimeriea chalumnae, 30 Life history of organisms fishery operations effects, 29 marine vs. terrestrial predators, 15 in metapopulation models, 56 temporal scale for studying, 20 Lobsters, 22 Local scales limitations of, 14-16 linkages, 49 research role, 35, 51 Read the entire page →
From page 111... ... INDEX M Makira nigricans, 62 Manatees, 7 Mariculture, 30, 32 Marine laboratories, 66 Marine Research Stations Network, 66 Marine reserves, 67 Marine worms, 12-13 Marshes, 37 Maryland, 7 Megaptera noveangliae, 62 Menippe, 13 Metapopulation concept, 17 in continuum of spatial scales, 18 ecological modeling, 56 ecosystem interactions in, 35, 41 Microbial Genome Initiative, 72-73 Microbial organisms current understanding of, 10 genetic sequencing, 72-73 in marine ecosystems, 9-11 sampling techniques, 63 Mining, 31, 41, 45 Mnemiopsis leidyi, 33 Molecular genetics applications, 9, 10, 12, 48, 61, 62 in research agenda objectives, 3, 23 technical development, 61-62 Montastraea annularis. See Caribbean star coral Moored, Automated, Serial Zooplankton Pump, 65 Museum collections, 57, 58 Mussels, 12 Mya arenaria, 38 Mytilus edulis, 12, 48 N National Association of Marine Laboratories, 66 National Biological Service, 72, 73 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 72 National Science Foundation, 71-72 North Sea, 31, 50 111 o Objectives of research agenda, 3-4, 22-23, 52, 68,74,75 Oceanographic science ecological science linkages, 3, 23, 35 numerical modeling, 55-56 scales of observation in, 19, 20, 35-36 Office of Energy Research, 72-73 Office of Naval Research, 72 Oil spills, 41 Olive ridley sea turtle, 12 Oysters Chesapeake Bay population, 5, 27, 28 species identification, 13 Ozone layer, 32 p Patch formation and maintenance benthic environments, 17, 18 deep sea, 44 definition, 16-17 metapopulation modeling, 17, 18, 56 pelagic environments, 17, 18 regional dynamics, 17, 18 research technology, 17 Pelagic environments biodiversity, 42 exotic species invasion, 32 habitat patches in, 17, 18 regional limits, 19 research opportunities, 13, 42-44, 50 research technology, 17 sampling techniques, 63 scales of observation, 18 subsystem diversity, 42-43 Penaeus, 13 Perna perna, 33 Petroleum products, 31, 41 Phytoplankton, 12 Plankton diversity, 9 ecosystem role, 10 effects of exotic species invasion, 26, 33 flow cytometry studies, 63 in pelagic habitat patches, 17 sampling methods, 64, 65 temporal scales for studying, 20 ultraviolet radiation effects, 32-34 Read the entire page →
From page 112... ... 112 Polar marine systems, 50 Pollution in deep sea, 45 in pelagic environments, 43-44 See also Chemical pollution and eutrophication Polychlorinated biphenyls, 31 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 31 Polymerase chain reaction, 61-62 Potamocorbula amurensis, see Chinese clam Predator communities in marine ecosystems, 15 in pelagic environment, 43 in rocky intertidal zones, 40 Predictive modeling advances in, 55-56 of anthropogenic impacts, 22, 23 applications, 56 biological features in, 55-56 development of, 54 of Eulerian motion, 55 inferential methods, 54 of Lagrangian motion, 55 limitations, 54 metapopulation models, 56 numerical models, 55, 56 prospective improvements in, 55-56 as research agenda objective, 3, 8, 23 retrospective data for, 56-57 Prochlorophytes, 9 Prokaryotes, 10 R Radioactive materials, 31 Rapid Sampling Vertical Profiler, 65 Regional scale as appropriate research scale, 2-3, 8, 1416, 21, 22, 35-36, 50 biotic survey, 59 coastal, 19 coordination of research efforts, 69-70 definition, 17 genetic variability research, 62 interactions between regions, 17, 22,50,52 limits, 17 local scale studies and, 35, 41 in pelagic environments, 19 potential research risks, 68 types of habitats in research model, 36-37 types of marine systems, 21-22 INDEX Research agenda characteristics, 4, 74, 75 data sets, 68 funding, 68 implementation, 66-68 marine laboratories in, 66 need for, 7-8, 69 objectives, 3-4, 22-23, 52, 68, 74, 75 relationship to other programs, 69-73 scales of observation in, 2-3, 8, 14, 20-21, 35-36, 74 taxonomic research in, 3, 8, 54, 74 Research design coordination of, in research network, 68 defining scales of observation, 20-21, 49 duration of study, 20 environmental impacts, 30 human exclusion experiments, 67 level of taxonomic investigation, 48 methodological challenges, 59-60 selection of scales of observation, 16, 68 Research instrumentation/data biotic surveys, 59 data display, 64 innovations, 63 retrospective analysis in, 56-59 sampling, 63-65 taxonomic studies, 60-61 Research questions alterations in biodiversity patterns, 51 anthropogenic impacts, 53 in Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, 73 conceptual basis of, 54-56 consequences of biodiversity change, 52 in coral reef environments, 39 as critical environmental issues, 24 cross-system effects, 22, 23 in Diversitas program, 70 effects of invasion by exotic species, 32 in estuaries and bays, 37-38 in fisheries management, 59 focus of, 49-50 formulation of, 49 in Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics program, 70-71 in Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 70, 71 in marine reserve research, 67 in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 72 Read the entire page →
From page 113... ... terrestrial systems, 15 methodology, 60-61 practitioners, 46-47, 47 professional development, 3, 70 recent advances, 11 - 13 in research agenda, 3, 4, 8, 46, 54, 60, 74 Read the entire page →
From page 114... ... 4 research resources, 60-61 temporal scales in, 19 unique phyla in, 15 Technology development data display systems, 64 molecular genetics, 61-62 as research agenda objective, 3, 23 for research in pelagic systems, 17 research instrumentation, 63 sampling methods, 63-65 taxonomic classification, 61 Temperate zone rocky shores, 40-41 Temporal scales boundary definition criteria, 14 continuum, 19-20 in defining regional systems, 19, 49 historical studies, 57 in metapopulation dynamics, 17 of pelagic ecosystems, 43 in research agenda, 2-3, 14 spatial scale correspondence, 20 Terrestrial ecosystems marine ecosystems vs., 15 relevance of marine research, 51 Threshold effects in metapopulation modeling, 56 as research objective, 3, 23 Tidal mixing fronts, 19 Tourism, 40 Training in taxonomic science, 3, 23, 47, 60 Trophic systems commercial fishery effects, 28 deep sea, 45 effects of species invasion, 7, 26 effects of species removal, 7 marine vs. terrestrial systems, 15 Tuna fisheries, 29 Turtles, 7, 12 U Ultraviolet radiation, 1, 32-34, 43 Unique phyla, 15 INDEX United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 70 Upwelling fronts, 19 V Video Plankton Recorder, 65 Volcanic eruptions, 32 W Warm-core rings, 19 Washington, 7 Waste disposal deep-sea, 30, 44, 45 in estuaries and bays, 37 as threat to coral reefs, 39 Water motion, 14 artificial coastal structures and, 31 in interactions between regional systems, 22 persistent phenomenon in defining system boundaries, 19 regional-scale systems, 17, 19 research instrumentation, 63 Wetland losses, 7 Whales carcasses of, 2, 6 historical records, 57 humpback, genetic diversity in, 12, 62 hunting of, 6, 29 Wood debris, 2 z Zebra mussels, 33 Read the entire page →

From page 107...

... Index A Advection length, 20 Agriculture, 31, 32, 39 Algal blooms, 21, 31 Algal symbionts in coral ecosystems, 9, 26, 39 Antarctica, 50 Anthropogenic impacts in biodiversity change, 24-25 classification of, 25 on coastal habitats, 31-32 on coastal shelves, 41-42 on coral reefs, 39 as critical environmental issues, 24 in deep sea, 45 effects of, 5 in estuaries and bays, 37-38 habitat type variation, 36-37 predictive modeling, 22, 23 research agenda, 2-4, 23, 53, 74 research methodology, 59-60 in rocky intertidal zones, 40 role of taxonomic research, 46 scales of observation, 20, 35 in synergistic change processes, 25, 26-27 Aquaculture, 31 Archaea, 9 Arctic region, 50 Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean, 66 Association of Systematics Collection, 70 Asteria amurensis, 33 Australia, 33 Azov Sea, 33 B Ballast water, species transport in, 7, 32, 33, 37 Baltic Sea, 27, 50 Benthic environments anthropogenic impacts, 32 deep sea, 45 patch interactions, 17, 18 protist diversity, 9 rocky intertidal zones, 40 scales of observation, 18, 20 ultraviolet radiation effects, 33 Bering Sea, 41 Biodiversity in coral reefs, 38-39 current knowledge base, 2, 9-11, 68 deep sea, 44-45 definition, 1, 8 ecosystem diversity and, 13 interactions across scales, 16, 35 marine vs. terrestrial systems, 15 107

Read the entire page →

From page 108...

... 108 microorganisms, 10, 12 pelagic environments, 42-43 recent species identifications, 8-9 regional variation, 50 research questions, 52-53 in rocky intertidal zones, 40-41 Biodiversity change alterations in physical habitat and, 31-32 anthropogenic activities in, 24-25 appropriate scale of research in, 35-36 chemical pollution and eutrophication in, 1, 25, 30-31 coastal development in, 7 in coastal shelves, 41 contributors to, 1 in coral reefs, 39 effect of scientific activities, 30 in estuaries and bays, 37-38 in experimental settings, 67 fisheries operations in, 28-29 global climate change in, 32-34 increased diversity, 38 mariculture ejects, 30 natural events in, 24, 25, 26-27 negative outcomes, 1-2 operational descriptions, 25 regional interactions in, 17, 22 research topics, 49-52 retrospective analysis, 56-59 sampling methods, 63-65 significance of, 51, 52-53, 69 � � ~ species Invasion in, species removal in, 7 synergistic effects, 25, 26-27 taxonomic research, 46, 48 temporal scale considerations, 19-20 tourism effects, 40 Biomass, marine vs. terrestrial, 15 Biomedical science, 11 Black Sea, 33 Blue marlin, 62 Boundary definition criteria for, 14 habitat patch, 16-17 persistent physical phenomenon in, 19 in regional scale, 17, 19 for research scales, 20-21, 49 technology development for, 49 temporal features, 19-20 Brine seeps, 2 Bryozoans, 12 INDEX C California, 26, 29, 40 California Cooperative Ocean Fisheries Investigations, 58 Capitella "capitata," 12 Carbon cycle, 71, 73 Caribbean basin, 26, 39, 40 Caribbean star coral, 9, 12 CARICOMP, 66 Chemical pollution and eutrophication as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25, 30-31 in coral reef loss, 26, 39 in global climate change, 32-33, 34 in seaweed declines, 27 sources of, 30-31 Chesapeake Bay, 5, 27, 28 Chile, 40, 67 Chinese clam, 26, 33, 38 Chlorofluorocarbons, 32 Chlorophyll, marine effects of species invasion on local levels, 38 sources of, 9 Coastal habitats anthropogenic impacts, 31-32 commercial fishery effects, 28 continental shelves and slopes, 41-42 coral reefs, 38-39 development effects, 1, 7, 25 estuaries and bays, 37-38 eutrophication of, 31 exotic species invasions, 33 mariculture effects, 30 marine reserve research, 67 as regional-scale systems, 19 temperate zone rocky shores, 40-41 Coelacanth, 30 Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, 73 Communities in continuum of scales, 18 in metapopulation theory, 17 Connecticut, 7 Continental shelves, 41-42 Coral reefs algal symbionts in, 9, 26, 39 anthropogenic impacts, 6, 39 biodiversity, 38-39 commercial fishery effects, 28 coral species diversity, 12 core samples, 58

Read the entire page →

From page 109...

... terrestrial, 15 microbial diversity in, 10-11 in pelagic open ocean, 42-43 regional scale, 17, 19 research methodology, 59-66 research questions, 52 in rocky intertidal zones, 40-41 scale linkages, 35-36 spatial continuum, 16-19 in substrate-dominated systems, 42-43 synergistic effects in, 26-27 system interactions, 14-15, 22, 40-41 E1 Nino phenomenon, 22, 58 Endangered species, 25, 65 Environmental Protection Agency, 60 Erosion, 31 Estuaries and bays anthropogenic impacts in, 37 biodiversity in, 37-38 as research subject, 37-38 Eubacteria, 9 Eulerian motion, 55 Eutrophication. See Chemical pollution and eutrophication Evolutionary processes retrospective studies, 57 temporal scale, 19-20 Exotic species as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25, 26, 32, 33 Chinese clam in California, 26, 33 transport in ballast tanks, 7, 32, 33, 37 Extinction of species, 25 retrospective studies, 57, 58 F Federal programs, 71-73 Fertilizers, 31, 39 Finland, 27 Fisheries operations adaptive studies, 59 as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25 biotic survey data in, 59 by-catch effects, 30 on coastal shelves.

Read the entire page →

From page 110...

... 0 dredging, 31 in estuaries and bays, 37 ghost fishing, 29 historical records, 57 indirect environmental effects, 30 mariculture, 30 in pelagic environments, 42 whale hunting, 6, 29 Fish kills, 9 Florida Bay, 21 Florida Keys, 26 Flow cytometry, 63 Fossil record, 57 Fucus vesiculosus, 27 Generation time, 20 Genetic change G fishery operations effects, 29 mariculture effects, 30 Microbial Genome Initiative data, 72-73 retrospective analysis, 57 temporal scale, 19-20 Geographical information systems, 64 Geologic time, 19-20 Germany, 27 Global climate change as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25 causes, 32 evidence in deep sea, 45 research in pelagic systems, 43, 71 threats to coral reefs, 39 ultraviolet radiation effects, 32-34 warming trend, 34 Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics, 70-71 Great Lakes, 33 Greenhouse effect, 34 Groupers, 7 Gulf of Maine, 31 Gulf of Mexico, 33, 41 Gyres, 19, 63 H Habitat diversity in coral reefs, 39 deep sea, 44 INDEX mapping, 64 metapopulation concept, 17 patch formation/maintenance, 16-17 potential advances in understanding, 13 in regional model systems, 36-37 research questions, 52 in shelf waters, 42 lIalogenated hydrocarbons, 31 Heavy metals, 31 Hydrothermal vents, 2, 47 International Council of Scientific Unions, 70 International Union of Biological Sciences, 70 International Union of Microbiological Scientists, 70 Iron, 43 J Japanese starfish, 33 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 70, 71 K Kemp's ridley sea turtle, 12 L Lagrangian motion, 55 Land reclamation, 31 Larval transport, 20 across regional systems, 22 numerical modeling, 55, 56 in shelf waters, 42 Latimeriea chalumnae, 30 Life history of organisms fishery operations effects, 29 marine vs. terrestrial predators, 15 in metapopulation models, 56 temporal scale for studying, 20 Lobsters, 22 Local scales limitations of, 14-16 linkages, 49 research role, 35, 51

Read the entire page →

From page 111...

... INDEX M Makira nigricans, 62 Manatees, 7 Mariculture, 30, 32 Marine laboratories, 66 Marine Research Stations Network, 66 Marine reserves, 67 Marine worms, 12-13 Marshes, 37 Maryland, 7 Megaptera noveangliae, 62 Menippe, 13 Metapopulation concept, 17 in continuum of spatial scales, 18 ecological modeling, 56 ecosystem interactions in, 35, 41 Microbial Genome Initiative, 72-73 Microbial organisms current understanding of, 10 genetic sequencing, 72-73 in marine ecosystems, 9-11 sampling techniques, 63 Mining, 31, 41, 45 Mnemiopsis leidyi, 33 Molecular genetics applications, 9, 10, 12, 48, 61, 62 in research agenda objectives, 3, 23 technical development, 61-62 Montastraea annularis. See Caribbean star coral Moored, Automated, Serial Zooplankton Pump, 65 Museum collections, 57, 58 Mussels, 12 Mya arenaria, 38 Mytilus edulis, 12, 48 N National Association of Marine Laboratories, 66 National Biological Service, 72, 73 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 72 National Science Foundation, 71-72 North Sea, 31, 50 111 o Objectives of research agenda, 3-4, 22-23, 52, 68,74,75 Oceanographic science ecological science linkages, 3, 23, 35 numerical modeling, 55-56 scales of observation in, 19, 20, 35-36 Office of Energy Research, 72-73 Office of Naval Research, 72 Oil spills, 41 Olive ridley sea turtle, 12 Oysters Chesapeake Bay population, 5, 27, 28 species identification, 13 Ozone layer, 32 p Patch formation and maintenance benthic environments, 17, 18 deep sea, 44 definition, 16-17 metapopulation modeling, 17, 18, 56 pelagic environments, 17, 18 regional dynamics, 17, 18 research technology, 17 Pelagic environments biodiversity, 42 exotic species invasion, 32 habitat patches in, 17, 18 regional limits, 19 research opportunities, 13, 42-44, 50 research technology, 17 sampling techniques, 63 scales of observation, 18 subsystem diversity, 42-43 Penaeus, 13 Perna perna, 33 Petroleum products, 31, 41 Phytoplankton, 12 Plankton diversity, 9 ecosystem role, 10 effects of exotic species invasion, 26, 33 flow cytometry studies, 63 in pelagic habitat patches, 17 sampling methods, 64, 65 temporal scales for studying, 20 ultraviolet radiation effects, 32-34

Read the entire page →

From page 112...

... 112 Polar marine systems, 50 Pollution in deep sea, 45 in pelagic environments, 43-44 See also Chemical pollution and eutrophication Polychlorinated biphenyls, 31 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 31 Polymerase chain reaction, 61-62 Potamocorbula amurensis, see Chinese clam Predator communities in marine ecosystems, 15 in pelagic environment, 43 in rocky intertidal zones, 40 Predictive modeling advances in, 55-56 of anthropogenic impacts, 22, 23 applications, 56 biological features in, 55-56 development of, 54 of Eulerian motion, 55 inferential methods, 54 of Lagrangian motion, 55 limitations, 54 metapopulation models, 56 numerical models, 55, 56 prospective improvements in, 55-56 as research agenda objective, 3, 8, 23 retrospective data for, 56-57 Prochlorophytes, 9 Prokaryotes, 10 R Radioactive materials, 31 Rapid Sampling Vertical Profiler, 65 Regional scale as appropriate research scale, 2-3, 8, 1416, 21, 22, 35-36, 50 biotic survey, 59 coastal, 19 coordination of research efforts, 69-70 definition, 17 genetic variability research, 62 interactions between regions, 17, 22,50,52 limits, 17 local scale studies and, 35, 41 in pelagic environments, 19 potential research risks, 68 types of habitats in research model, 36-37 types of marine systems, 21-22 INDEX Research agenda characteristics, 4, 74, 75 data sets, 68 funding, 68 implementation, 66-68 marine laboratories in, 66 need for, 7-8, 69 objectives, 3-4, 22-23, 52, 68, 74, 75 relationship to other programs, 69-73 scales of observation in, 2-3, 8, 14, 20-21, 35-36, 74 taxonomic research in, 3, 8, 54, 74 Research design coordination of, in research network, 68 defining scales of observation, 20-21, 49 duration of study, 20 environmental impacts, 30 human exclusion experiments, 67 level of taxonomic investigation, 48 methodological challenges, 59-60 selection of scales of observation, 16, 68 Research instrumentation/data biotic surveys, 59 data display, 64 innovations, 63 retrospective analysis in, 56-59 sampling, 63-65 taxonomic studies, 60-61 Research questions alterations in biodiversity patterns, 51 anthropogenic impacts, 53 in Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, 73 conceptual basis of, 54-56 consequences of biodiversity change, 52 in coral reef environments, 39 as critical environmental issues, 24 cross-system effects, 22, 23 in Diversitas program, 70 effects of invasion by exotic species, 32 in estuaries and bays, 37-38 in fisheries management, 59 focus of, 49-50 formulation of, 49 in Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics program, 70-71 in Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 70, 71 in marine reserve research, 67 in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 72

Read the entire page →

From page 113...

... terrestrial systems, 15 methodology, 60-61 practitioners, 46-47, 47 professional development, 3, 70 recent advances, 11 - 13 in research agenda, 3, 4, 8, 46, 54, 60, 74

Read the entire page →

From page 114...

... 4 research resources, 60-61 temporal scales in, 19 unique phyla in, 15 Technology development data display systems, 64 molecular genetics, 61-62 as research agenda objective, 3, 23 for research in pelagic systems, 17 research instrumentation, 63 sampling methods, 63-65 taxonomic classification, 61 Temperate zone rocky shores, 40-41 Temporal scales boundary definition criteria, 14 continuum, 19-20 in defining regional systems, 19, 49 historical studies, 57 in metapopulation dynamics, 17 of pelagic ecosystems, 43 in research agenda, 2-3, 14 spatial scale correspondence, 20 Terrestrial ecosystems marine ecosystems vs., 15 relevance of marine research, 51 Threshold effects in metapopulation modeling, 56 as research objective, 3, 23 Tidal mixing fronts, 19 Tourism, 40 Training in taxonomic science, 3, 23, 47, 60 Trophic systems commercial fishery effects, 28 deep sea, 45 effects of species invasion, 7, 26 effects of species removal, 7 marine vs. terrestrial systems, 15 Tuna fisheries, 29 Turtles, 7, 12 U Ultraviolet radiation, 1, 32-34, 43 Unique phyla, 15 INDEX United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 70 Upwelling fronts, 19 V Video Plankton Recorder, 65 Volcanic eruptions, 32 W Warm-core rings, 19 Washington, 7 Waste disposal deep-sea, 30, 44, 45 in estuaries and bays, 37 as threat to coral reefs, 39 Water motion, 14 artificial coastal structures and, 31 in interactions between regional systems, 22 persistent phenomenon in defining system boundaries, 19 regional-scale systems, 17, 19 research instrumentation, 63 Wetland losses, 7 Whales carcasses of, 2, 6 historical records, 57 humpback, genetic diversity in, 12, 62 hunting of, 6, 29 Wood debris, 2 z Zebra mussels, 33

Read the entire page →

← Previous Chapter Skim

This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.

INDEX Pages 107-114

INDEX
Pages 107-114