Forces Shaping the U.S. Academic Engineering Research Enterprise (1995) / Chapter Skim
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Background Paper: The Academic Engineering Research Enterprise- Status and Trends
Background Paper: The Academic Engineering Research Enterprise- Status and Trends
Pages 69-132
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From page 69... ...
Trends in bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees awarded are presented by field and gender. The second major section presents funding of academic engineering research.
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From page 70... ...
engineering research universities, organized engineering research units, and major human resources for engineering, including faculty and other engineering employees, postdoctoral appointments, student enrollments, and degrees awarded. Engineering Research Universities In 1991 there were 219 universities and colleges that reported research and development expenditures for engineering and computer science.
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These research units were defined "very broadly to include units that either are totally within engineering schools or that may not be within engineering schools but involve engineering faculty and staff."2 Morgan and colleagues found that these organized research units were relatively recent organizations, with one-half being founded since 1983. Many of these units were created "to provide a focal point for certain research activities and to attract funding and facilities."3 The research activities of the units surveyed by Morgan and colleagues included a broad range of engineering disciplines.
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From page 72... ...
The fiscal year 1995 budget requests $51.5 million for the ERC program. The distribution of the 18 current NSF ERCs by major technological area of focus is as follows:6 Design and manufacturing 5 Materials processing for manufacturing 3 Optoelectronics/microelectronics/telecommunications 4 Biotechnology/bioengineering 3 Energy and resource recovery 2 Infrastructure 1 Faculty and Other Engineers Employed by Academic Institutions The engineering R&D activities of research universities rely heavily on faculty, nonfaculty research staff, postdoctoral appointees, and graduate research assistants.
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Faculty and nonfaculty research staff. Compared with other aspects of the academic engineering research enterprise, there is sparse information on faculty in universities and colleges.7 In academic year 1992-93, there were more than 21,000 engineering faculty at U.S.
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From page 74... ...
citizens in 1991 was 70 percent; by field, this proportion ranged from 30 percent for computer science to 80 percent for materials engineering. The number of postdoctoral appointees in engineering and computer science departments grew dramatically between 1980 and 1991, increasing 136 percent.
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Women's interest in engineering careers rose from 0.2 percent in 1966 to a peak of 3.6 percent in 1982 then declined to 2.4 percent by 1990.13 The proportion of underrepresented minority students -- African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics -- intending to major in engineering increased strongly over the past 20 years, rising from 7.3 percent in 1972 to 17.7 percent in 1992.14 (See Table 6, Dickens Appendix, for data on career preferences of first-year college students.) According to the Engineering Workforce Commission, full-time undergraduate engineering enrollment in the fall of 1992 was 344,126, an increase of 1.4 percent over the fall of 1991.
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From page 76... ...
There are three sources of information on graduate engineering enrollments -- the American Society for Engineering Education, the Engineering Workforce Commission, and the National Science Foundation. The NSF data are used for this section because they also provide information on graduate enrollment in computer science departments.
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(See Table 9, Dickens Appendix, for information on full-time and part-time graduate students.) Degrees Awarded in Engineering and Computer Science Bachelor's degrees.
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citizen and permanent resident males. Although their numbers continued to decline until 1982, the effect was offset by the strong growth in the number of doctorates awarded to foreign citizen males who were temporary residents of the United States.
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By field, the greatest increases in the number of doctorates awarded to temporary residents were in electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. In computer science, as well, foreign citizen temporary residents received an increasing share of doctor's degrees.
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(See Table 13, Dickens Appendix, for data on R&D expenditures of academic institutions by field and source of funds.) Although the federal government provided the larger share of these funds over this period, their growth was much less than that for nonfederal sources, 198 percent and 430 percent, respectively.
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From page 81... ...
Support for postdoctoral appointees. In 1991 federal sources provided the support for 67 percent of the postdoctoral appointees in engineering departments and for 75 percent of those in computer science departments.
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Morgan and coworkers found that organized engineering research units at academic institutions received almost 23 percent of their funds from U.S. business and industry.19 A National Research Council special study of chemical engineering noted that between 1980 and 1986, industrial support of aca
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Organized research units at universities provide research experiences and employment to undergraduate engineering students. Morgan and coworkers found that 18 percent of the units reported a great extent of involvement of undergraduate students, and another 48 percent reported some involvement of these students.
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If the 31 centers with annual research expenditures of more than $10 million were excluded, the average number of undergraduate students per center dropped from 35 to 22.24 Graduate Students Participating in Research Activities In 1991, 35 percent of the full-time graduate students in engineering fields and computer science held research assistantships. (See Table 8.)
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From page 85... ...
The traditional model for university research in many fields has been that of the individual investigator working with a small group of graduate students and postdoctoral students. A special study by the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology found that the share of research funds going to individual investigators declined over the decade of the 1980s from 56 percent to 51 percent, while the shares for research teams and major facilities increased.
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From page 86... ...
Annual data are available for a number of major topics covered in the paper, including R&D expenditures of engineering research universities, obligations of federal agencies for research and development, engineering degrees awarded, and engineering enrollments. In contrast, data on engineering faculty are available only for certain years and only as aggregated tabulations.
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From page 87... ...
Any discussion of data needs for policy studies in engineering should consider the coordination of information collection activities across sectors. The coordinating body could help sector-specific data collection organizations develop ways to make their activities more useful for policy analyses that cut across sectors.
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From page 88... ...
Heckel, Professor of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, has developed a database from the annual compilation by the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) of statistical information contributed by individual engineering programs.
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Heckel, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Michigan Technological University for the period Academic Year 1970 to Academic Year 1990. Professor Heckel has submitted his analyses of these data for publication by Engineering Education.
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, All Campuses 64,923 43,632 21,291 First 10 institutions 963,969 808,484 155,485 11 University of California-Berkeley 59,132 57,481 1,651 12 University of Southern California* 56,826 24,010 32,816 13 University of Minnesota, All Campuses 52,646 27,460 25,186 14 New Mexico State University, All Campuses 52,448 44,091 8,357 15 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ 49,143 48,407 736 16 North Carolina State University at Raleigh 48,201 46,343 1,858 17 University of Wisconsin-Madison 47,795 43,341 4,454 18 Iowa State University 46,013 36,768 9,245 19 Utah State University 45,156 44,842 314 20 Ohio State University, All Campuses 44,305 42,950 1,355 First 20 institutions 1,465,634 1,224,177 241,457 21 University of Maryland at College Park 43,437 36,868 6,569 22 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute*
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From page 91... ...
13,057 4,304 8,753 69 Drexel University* 12,675 12,506 169 70 Michigan Technological University 12,455 12,326 129 First 70 institutions 2,540,592 2,157,198 383,394 71 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution*
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From page 92... ...
7,029 0 7,029 102 Washington State University 6,809 6,792 17 103 Kansas State University of Agriculture and App Sci 6,760 6,635 125 104 Polytechnic University* 6,683 6,683 0 105 Ohio University, All Campuses 6,678 6,678 0 106 University of Notre Dame*
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From page 93... ...
3,701 2,346 1,355 140 University of Alaska Fairbanks, All Campuses 3,622 3,616 6 First 140 institutions 3,015,514 2,570,017 445,497 141 University of Nevada-Reno 3,465 3,465 0 142 University of New Hampshire, Main Campus 3,415 3,098 317 143 Wright State University, All Campuses 3,383 2,408 975 144 San Jose State University 3,114 3,114 0 145 University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 3,078 2,998 80 146 Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University 2,832 2,797 35 147 University of Mississippi, All Campuses 2,762 2,762 0 148 University of Wyoming 2,650 2,603 47 149 Tufts University* 2,321 2,307 14 150 University of Toledo 2,282 2,230 52 First 150 institutions 3,044,816 2,597,799 447,017 151 Lamar University-Beaumont 2,252 2,148 104 152 North Dakota State University, All Campuses 2,230 1,902 328 153 California Polytechnic State Univ San Luis Obispo 2,083 1,844 239 154 Louisiana Tech University 2,015 2,015 0 155 University of North Carolina at Charlotte 1,985 1,799 186 156 Indiana University, All Campuses 1,915 656 1,259 157 University of North Texas 1,906 502 1,404 158 Florida Institute of Technology*
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980 0 980 180 Portland State University 957 804 153 First 180 institutions 3,090,934 2,632,122 458,812 181 South Dakota School of Mines & Technology 899 899 0 182 Santa Clara University* 829 644 185 183 Oakland University 736 673 63 184 South Dakota State University 674 674 0 185 Kent State University, All Campuses 670 150 520 186 SUNY at Albany 650 0 650 187 Tuskegee University*
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SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System. TABLE 2 Science and Engineering Doctorate-Holders Employed by Academic Institutions and Those Active in Research and Development (R&D)
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96 TABLE 3 Postdoctorates in Graduate Engineering and Computer Science Departments by Field, Citizenship, and Gender, 1980-1991 Field 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Total postdoctorates Engineering and computer science 1,021 1,072 1,025 1,187 1,261 1,425 1,476 1,547 1,784 1,998 2,018 2,406 Engineering, total 978 1,037 978 1,105 1,197 1,349 1,399 1,443 1,688 1,914 1,947 2,249 Aerospace 20 14 25 32 42 51 48 43 48 38 67 77 Chemical 189 173 179 199 249 279 296 319 431 475 563 596 Civil 122 103 103 131 146 122 140 175 203 182 168 186 Electrical 123 191 178 178 173 177 173 176 187 193 242 307 Mechanical 137 130 130 182 196 207 240 216 218 304 220 331 Materials 172 194 168 204 168 245 250 283 325 323 370 401 Industrial 16 13 9 13 21 18 25 26 32 32 6 27 Other 199 219 186 166 202 250 227 205 244 367 311 324 Computer science 43 35 47 82 64 76 77 104 96 84 71 157 Total U.S. citizen postdoctorates Engineering and computer science 332 349 358 450 480 488 507 566 644 699 643 722 Engineering, total 302 331 323 413 437 441 459 497 587 652 603 612 Aerospace 6 8 6 8 10 10 15 13 20 14 21 29 Chemical 47 43 44 56 66 56 63 68 100 119 161 132 Civil 59 33 37 52 53 49 46 57 91 80 77 69 Electrical 39 104 82 70 63 77 60 104 71 58 78 71 Mechanical 43 24 30 69 82 61 94 69 77 101 66 102 Materials 27 26 30 53 52 47 56 71 72 86 89 80 Industrial 8 6 4 6 12 16 19 19 23 17 3 9 Other 73 87 90 99 99 125 106 96 133 177 108 120 Computer science 30 18 35 37 43 47 48 69 57 47 40 110 CHARLES H
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From page 97... ...
Total foreign citizen postdoctorates Engineering and computer science 689 723 667 737 781 937 969 981 1,140 1,299 1,375 1,684 Engineering, total 676 706 655 692 760 908 940 946 1,101 1,262 1,344 1,637 Aerospace 14 6 19 24 32 41 33 30 28 24 46 48 Chemical 142 130 135 143 183 223 233 251 331 356 402 464 Civil 63 70 66 79 93 73 94 118 112 102 91 117 Electrical 84 87 96 108 110 100 113 72 116 135 164 236 Mechanical 94 106 100 113 114 146 146 147 141 203 154 229 Materials 145 168 138 151 116 198 194 212 253 237 281 321 Industrial 8 7 5 7 9 2 6 7 9 15 3 18 Other 126 132 96 67 103 125 121 109 111 190 203 204 Computer science 13 17 12 45 21 29 29 35 39 37 31 47 Total female postdoctorates Engineering and computer science 67 88 93 98 93 111 142 162 184 192 218 269 Engineering, total 65 82 84 88 83 101 131 148 172 177 209 242 Aerospace 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 3 4 4 Chemical 21 11 22 27 31 28 38 35 53 46 82 94 Civil 10 8 6 6 10 3 7 12 19 29 14 23 Electrical 5 10 17 12 11 11 13 16 16 13 15 18 Mechanical 3 10 5 6 7 14 21 11 19 15 16 22 Materials 12 16 16 24 14 23 23 45 36 36 44 43 Industrial 0 3 1 2 1 3 4 1 4 6 1 2 Other 14 22 17 11 9 18 23 24 22 29 33 36 Computer science 2 6 9 10 10 10 11 14 12 15 9 27 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS 97
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98 TABLE 3 Continued Field 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Female U.S. citizen postdoctorates Engineering and computer science 34 42 55 54 53 50 72 84 75 80 82 87 Engineering, total 32 38 47 51 46 43 67 71 65 67 75 74 Aerospace 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 1 1 2 Chemical 11 5 11 10 14 9 17 11 13 12 20 21 Civil 5 2 5 6 7 3 4 4 9 12 7 12 Electrical 2 5 8 6 6 6 7 14 10 5 9 4 Mechanical 0 4 4 5 5 6 13 5 5 8 6 9 Materials 5 7 8 15 8 7 8 17 10 11 18 11 Industrial 0 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 5 1 2 Other 9 12 10 8 5 10 13 15 12 13 13 13 Computer science 2 4 8 3 7 7 5 13 10 13 7 13 Female foreign citizen postdoctorates Engineering and computer science 33 46 38 44 40 61 70 78 109 112 136 182 Engineering, total 33 44 37 37 37 58 64 77 107 110 134 168 Aerospace 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 2 Chemical 10 6 11 17 17 19 21 24 40 34 62 73 Civil 5 6 1 0 3 0 3 8 10 17 7 11 Electrical 3 5 9 6 5 5 6 2 6 8 6 14 Mechanical 3 6 1 1 2 8 8 6 14 7 10 13 Materials 7 9 8 9 6 16 15 28 26 25 26 32 Industrial 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Other 5 10 7 3 4 8 10 9 10 16 20 23 Computer science 0 2 1 7 3 3 6 1 2 2 2 14 SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System.
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n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies.
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100 CHARLES H DICKENS TABLE 5 Nonfaculty Doctoral Research Staff at Doctorate-Granting Institutions by Field and Gender, 1991 Number of Field departments Non-faculty doctoral research staff Total Women Engineering and computer science 1,494 731 71 Engineering, subtotal 1,260 682 59 Aerospace 44 26 1 Chemical 157 74 15 Civil 192 54 3 Electrical 199 120 7 Industrial 134 20 8 Mechanical 177 139 5 Materials 95 146 10 Other 262 103 10 Computer science 234 49 12 SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies.
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S Korn, The American Freshman: Twenty-Five Year Trends, 1966-1990, Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA, 1991.
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TABLE 7 Fall Engineering Enrollments of Undergraduates by Status and Class Year, 1980-1992 102 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Total 397,344 420,402 435,330 441,205 429,499 420,864 407,657 392,198 385,412 378,277 380,287 379,977 382,525 Full-time, subtotal 365,117 387,577 403,390 406,144 394,635 384,191 369,520 356,998 346,169 338,529 338,842 339,397 344,126 First year 110,149 115,280 115,303 109,638 105,249 103,225 99,238 95,453 98,009 95,420 94,346 93,002 93,427 Second year 84,982 87,519 89,785 89,515 83,946 79,627 76,195 73,317 71,030 71,267 72,204 71,257 71,644 Third year 80,024 86,633 90,541 91,233 89,509 84,875 80,386 77,085 73,761 70,483 72,666 73,516 74,871 Fourth year 84,442 92,414 102,055 109,036 109,695 110,305 107,773 104,003 97,614 94,465 92,989 94,683 98,235 Fifth year 5,520 5,731 5,706 6,722 6,236 6,159 5,928 7,140 5,755 6,894 6,637 6,939 5,949 Part-time, subtotal 32,227 32,825 31,940 35,061 34,864 36,673 38,137 35,200 39,243 39,748 41,445 40,580 38,399 Gender Male 345,482 361,133 368,750 372,374 362,800 354,612 344,999 331,917 325,024 318,067 318,471 316,441 316,460 Female 51,862 59,269 66,580 68,831 66,699 66,252 62,658 60,281 60,388 60,210 61,816 63,536 66,065 Race/ethnicity White 326,913 343,649 356,750 354,329 340,374 323,899 315,861 296,749 288,415 281,948 288,732 271,906 270,942 Asian 12,772 15,815 17,570 23,007 25,449 28,767 30,201 32,795 34,051 33,360 30,898 37,803 38,480 Underrep. minorities 31,531 34,353 35,960 37,432 37,557 39,657 37,240 38,640 40,389 41,338 41,169 48,692 51,517 Black 17,606 18,911 19,400 19,698 19,204 19,819 18,459 19,142 20,405 21,013 20,833 24,563 25,722 Hispanic 12,905 14,359 15,320 16,462 17,075 18,598 17,586 18,253 18,700 19,007 18,873 22,441 23,863 American Indian 1,020 1,083 1,240 1,272 1,278 1,240 1,195 1,245 1,284 1,318 1,463 1,688 1,932 Temporary resident 26,128 26,585 25,050 26,437 26,119 28,541 24,355 24,014 22,557 21,631 19,488 21,576 21,586 SOURCES: American Society of Engineering Societies, Manpower Comments, April 1991 and April 1992; Engineering Workforce Bulletin, April 1993.
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From page 103... ...
TABLE 8 Graduate Enrollment in Engineering and Computer Science Departments by Field, Enrollment Status, and Gender, 1972-1991 Field 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 All students Engineering and computer science 55,027 56,385 63,422 76,775 75,377 77,890 72,144 83,497 Engineering, subtotal 50,602 51,233 56,977 68,360 66,750 68,782 63,815 71,807 Aerospace 2,014 1,816 1,654 1,670 1,477 1,518 1,450 1,481 Chemical 4,740 4,718 5,011 5,336 5,581 5,580 5,611 6,029 Civil 7,954 8,673 10,115 12,560 11,995 12,352 11,565 12,836 Electrical 13,325 13,713 15,530 16,320 15,926 17,406 16,379 17,715 Mechanical 6,309 7,293 8,107 8,601 8,313 8,722 8,122 9,251 Materials 2,211 2,030 2,156 2,352 2,375 2,559 2,487 2,756 Industrial 5,507 5,208 6,141 11,663 10,687 10,438 8,967 10,714 Other 8,542 7,782 8,263 9,858 10,396 10,207 9,234 11,025 Computer science 4,425 5,152 6,445 8,415 8,627 9,108 8,329 11,690 All full-time students Engineering and computer science 35,092 34,164 37,483 42,286 41,698 41,829 41,147 45,870 Engineering, subtotal 32,191 31,226 33,737 37,813 36,950 37,225 36,721 40,017 Aerospace 1,538 1,362 1,245 1,245 1,165 1,187 1,135 1,152 Chemical 3,435 3,442 3,569 3,743 4,014 4,174 4,226 4,555 Civil 5,267 5,367 5,939 7,363 7,025 7,111 7,123 7,637 Electrical 7,612 7,462 7,769 8,278 8,147 8,528 8,334 9,039 Mechanical 3,978 4,405 4,712 4,931 4,919 4,883 4,868 5,428 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS Materials 1,720 1,619 1,638 1,787 1,860 1,951 1,961 2,135 Industrial 3,047 2.5183,108 4,152 3,578 3,343 3,140 3,743 Other 5,594 5,051 5,757 6,314 6,242 6,048 5,934 6,328 Computer science 2,901 2,938 3,746 4,473 4,748 4,604 4,426 5,853 103
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104 TABLE 8 Continued Field 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 All part-time students Engineering and computer science 19,935 22,221 25,939 34,489 33,679 36,061 30,997 37,627 Engineering, subtotal 18,411 20,007 23,240 30,547 29,800 31,557 27,094 31,790 Aerospace 476 454 409 425 312 331 315 329 Chemical 1,305 1,276 1,442 1,593 1,567 1,406 1,385 1,474 Civil 2,687 3,306 4,176 5,197 4,970 5,241 4,442 5,199 Electrical 5,713 6,251 7,761 8,042 7,779 8,878 8,045 8,676 Mechanical 2,331 2,888 3,395 3,670 3,394 3,839 3,254 3,823 Materials 491 411 518 565 515 608 526 621 Industrial 2,460 2,690 3,033 7,511 7,109 7,095 5,827 6,971 Other 2,948 2,731 2,506 3,544 4,154 4,159 3,300 4,697 Computer science 1,524 2,214 2,699 3,942 3,879 4,504 3,903 5,837 All female students Engineering and computer science 1,221 1,337 1,864 2,461 2,768 5,264 0 8,208 Engineering, subtotal 851 918 1,359 1,870 2,026 3,705 0 5,885 Aerospace 16 14 15 20 23 33 0 49 Chemical 95 98 119 166 243 388 0 645 Civil 131 160 303 434 513 830 0 1,323 Electrical 142 187 221 228 297 710 0 933 Mechanical 39 54 81 112 122 273 0 469 Materials 46 52 70 99 109 183 0 288 Industrial 131 117 237 478 379 755 0 1,251 Other 251 236 313 333 340 533 0 927 Computer science 370 419 505 591 742 1,559 0 2,323 CHARLES H
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Female full-time students Engineering and computer science 1,221 1,337 1,864 2,461 2,768 3,020 0 4,488 Engineering, subtotal 851 918 1,359 1,870 2,026 2,261 0 3,438 Aerospace 16 14 15 20 23 27 0 36 Chemical 95 98 119 166 243 289 0 458 Civil 131 160 303 434 513 543 0 898 Electrical 142 187 221 228 297 382 0 454 Mechanical 39 54 81 112 122 141 0 258 Materials 46 52 70 99 109 142 0 213 Industrial 131 117 237 478 379 376 0 579 Other 251 236 313 333 340 361 0 542 Computer science 370 419 505 591 742 759 0 1,050 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 All students Engineering and computer science 88,043 96,195 103,710 114,727 118,590 126,004 133,537 136,026 135,713 136,917 141,702 149,135 Engineering, subtotal 74,465 79,758 83,898 91,111 92,780 96,160 102,140 103,889 103,159 104,319 107,329 114,407 Aerospace 1,737 1,883 1,941 2,305 2,340 2,538 2,804 3,015 3,223 3,454 3,866 4,041 Chemical 6,518 7,017 7,775 8,300 8,117 7,932 7,759 7,844 7,360 7,125 7,327 7,838 Civil 13,111 14,103 14,146 14,921 15,203 14,916 14,987 14,718 14,822 14,919 15,454 17,265 Electrical 19,132 20,113 21,927 25,116 26,198 28,026 29,799 31,214 31,837 33,055 33,583 35,272 Mechanical 9,888 10,618 11,467 12,911 13,855 14,157 15,713 16,278 16,207 16,239 16,455 17,820 Materials 2,910 3,125 3,124 3,447 3,657 3,943 4,208 4,366 4,335 4,589 4,921 5,149 Industrial 9,737 9,797 9,641 9,373 9,535 10,841 11,888 12,457 11,731 11,458 11,611 13,333 Other 11,432 13,102 13,877 14,738 13,875 13,807 14,982 13,997 13,644 13,480 14,112 13,689 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS Computer science 13,578 16,437 19,812 23,616 25,810 29,844 31,397 32,137 32,554 32,598 34,373 34,728 105
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From page 106... ...
TABLE 8 Continued 106 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 All full-time students Engineering and computer science 49,307 53,296 59,036 64,618 66,744 70,039 75,537 77,457 78,580 80,343 82,551 87,782 Engineering, subtotal 42,720 45,851 49,865 53,931 55,157 55,938 60,227 61,885 63,187 64,546 65,692 71,230 Aerospace 1,327 1,483 1,522 1,840 1,854 1,994 2,154 2,372 2,533 2,772 3,010 3,314 Chemical 4,863 5,382 6,084 6,489 6,348 6,123 6,166 6,264 5,958 5,788 5,853 6,309 Civil 7,964 8,805 9,398 9,807 10,089 9,760 9,982 9,651 9,957 9,974 10,074 11,214 Electrical 9,963 10,450 11,533 13,203 13,857 14,752 16,222 17,040 17,653 18,396 18,567 19,988 Mechanical 5,841 6,422 7,267 8,330 8,698 8,875 9,789 10,164 10,426 10,464 10,662 11,654 Materials 2,254 2,454 2,478 2,704 2,872 3,093 3,370 3,436 3,464 3,715 3,922 4,059 Industrial 3,764 3,639 3,827 3,322 3,433 3,517 3,875 4,233 4,398 4,761 4,863 5,705 Other 6,744 7,216 7,756 8,236 8,006 7,824 8,669 8,725 8,798 8,676 8,741 8,987 Computer science 6,587 7,445 9,171 10,687 11,587 14,101 15,310 15,572 15,393 15,797 16,859 16,552 All part-time students Engineering and computer science 38,736 42,899 44,674 50,109 51,846 55,965 58,000 58,569 57,133 56,574 59,151 61,353 Engineering, subtotal 31,745 33,907 34,033 37,180 37,623 40,222 41,913 42,004 39,972 39,773 41,637 43,177 Aerospace 410 400 419 465 486 544 650 643 690 682 856 727 Chemical 1,655 1,635 1,691 1,811 1,769 1,809 1,593 1,580 1,402 1,337 1,474 1,529 Civil 5,147 5,298 4,748 5,114 5,114 5,156 5,005 5,067 4,865 4,945 5,380 6,051 Electrical 9,169 9,663 10,394 11,913 12,341 13,274 13,577 14,174 14,184 14,659 15,016 15,284 Mechanical 4,047 4,196 4,200 4,581 5,157 5,282 5,924 6,114 5,781 5,775 5,793 6,166 Materials 656 671 646 743 785 850 838 930 871 874 999 1,090 Industrial 5,973 6,158 5,814 6,051 6,102 7,324 8,013 8,224 7,333 6,697 6,748 7,628 Other 4,688 5,886 6,121 6,502 5,869 5,983 6,313 5,272 4,846 4,804 5,371 4,702 Computer science 6,991 8,992 10,641 12,929 14,223 15,743 16,087 16,565 17,161 16,801 17,514 18,176 CHARLES H
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From page 107... ...
All female students Engineering and computer science 9,427 11,963 14,239 16,439 17,246 18,659 20,249 20,908 21,411 21,610 22,871 24,132 Engineering, subtotal 6,340 7,754 8,793 9,791 10,341 11,160 12,465 12,962 13,207 13,675 14,704 15,856 Aerospace 74 67 110 123 132 163 200 224 227 240 287 325 Chemical 720 830 943 1,088 1,032 1,070 1,087 1,194 1,124 1,057 1,175 1,312 Civil 1,366 1,576 1,752 1,860 2,028 2,149 2,151 2,113 2,297 2,438 2,684 3,164 Electrical 983 1,276 1,551 2,045 2,188 2,409 2,890 3,076 3,255 3,491 3,698 3,875 Mechanical 534 631 719 805 956 1,011 1,159 1,283 1,415 1,403 1,426 1,527 Materials 303 390 420 448 468 603 675 729 756 809 895 985 Industrial 1,350 1,544 1,631 1,544 1,691 1,903 2,224 2,300 2,190 2,188 2,216 2,402 Other 1,010 1,440 1,667 1,878 1,846 1,852 2,079 2,043 1,943 2,049 2,323 2,266 Computer science 3,087 4,209 5,446 6,648 6,905 7,499 7,784 7,946 8,204 7,935 8,167 8,276 Female full-time students Engineering and computer science 5,263 6,353 7,567 8,260 8,806 9,376 10,352 10,653 11,028 11,457 12,197 13,287 Engineering, subtotal 3,860 4,626 5,256 5,611 6,044 6,284 6,973 7,284 7,644 8,176 8,690 9,751 Aerospace 54 51 73 80 86 126 148 167 168 180 199 254 Chemical 492 567 705 832 784 801 826 913 823 816 916 1,026 Civil 900 1,127 1,243 1,295 1,438 1,494 1,491 1,404 1,568 1,652 1,780 2,041 Electrical 558 711 818 955 1,146 1,199 1,457 1,542 1,674 1,814 1,945 2,172 Mechanical 316 347 433 483 561 559 627 724 835 855 838 946 Materials 231 287 308 324 354 439 521 569 579 638 693 744 Industrial 667 695 771 619 630 647 748 753 756 926 929 1,059 Other 642 841 905 1,023 1,045 1,019 1,155 1,212 1,241 1,295 1,390 1,509 Computer science 1,403 1,727 2,311 2,649 2,762 3,092 3,379 3,369 3,384 3,281 3,507 3,536 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS 107
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From page 108... ...
108 TABLE 8 Continued 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Female part-time students Engineering and computer science 4,164 5,610 6,672 8,179 8,440 9,283 9,897 10,255 10,383 10,153 10,674 10,845 Engineering, subtotal 2,480 3,128 3,537 4,180 4,297 4,876 5,492 5,678 5,563 5,499 6,014 6,105 Aerospace 20 16 37 43 46 37 52 57 59 60 88 71 Chemical 228 263 238 256 248 269 261 281 301 241 259 286 Civil 466 449 509 565 590 655 660 709 729 786 904 1,123 Electrical 425 565 733 1,090 1,042 1,210 1,433 1,534 1,581 1,677 1,753 1,703 Mechanical 218 284 286 322 395 452 532 559 580 548 588 581 Materials 72 103 112 124 114 164 154 160 177 171 202 241 Industrial 683 849 860 925 1,061 1,256 1,476 1,547 1,434 1,262 1,287 1,343 Other 368 599 762 855 801 833 924 831 702 754 933 757 Computer science 1,684 2,482 3,135 3,999 4,143 4,407 4,405 4,577 4,820 4,654 4,660 4,740 SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System.
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From page 109... ...
THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS 109 TABLE 9 Change in Graduate Enrollment in Engineering and Computer Science Departments by Full-Time and Part-Time Status and by Gender, 1980-1991 Change in enrollment (percent) Field Total Full-time Part-time Women Men Engineering and computer science 69.4 78.0 58.4 156.0 59.0 Engineering, subtotal 53.6 66.7 36.0 150.0 44.7 Aeronautical 132.6 149.7 77.3 339.2 123.5 Chemical 20.3 29.7 -7.6 82.2 12.5 Civil 31.7 40.8 17.6 131.6 20.1 Electrical 84.4 100.6 66.7 73.0 294.2 Mechanical 80.2 99.5 52.4 186.0 74.2 Materials 76.9 80.1 66.2 225.1 59.7 Industrial 36.9 51.6 27.7 77.9 30.3 Other 19.7 33.2 0.3 224.4 9.6 Computer science 155.8 151.3 160.0 168.1 152.1 SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System.
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From page 110... ...
TABLE 10 Bachelor's Degrees Awarded in Engineering and Computer Science by Field and Gender, 1966-1990 110 Field 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Total bachelor's degrees Engineering and computer science 35,915 36,419 38,139 42,515 46,314 47,636 49,113 51,084 48,005 44,863 44,454 47,783 54,475 62,238 Engineering, total 35,826 36,197 37,680 41,582 44,770 45,248 45,711 46,779 43,248 39,824 38,790 41,357 47,251 53,469 Aerospace 1,683 1,914 2,072 2,625 2,756 2,443 2,180 1,738 1,210 1,174 1,009 1,078 1,186 1,386 Chemical 2,981 2,997 3,395 3,768 3,995 3,907 3,967 3,968 3,826 3,420 3,543 3,986 5,205 6,442 Civil 5,611 5,439 5,796 6,282 6,800 6,939 7,258 8,013 8,633 8,289 8,493 8,898 9,900 10,583 Electrical 11,007 10,843 10,725 11,695 12,288 12,288 12,181 12,377 11,419 10,246 9,874 10,018 11,213 12,440 Mechanical 7,811 7,890 7,930 8,514 9,310 9,177 8,784 8,795 7,883 7,089 6,984 7,927 9,100 10,360 Materials 792 836 881 952 977 916 909 885 821 711 704 738 835 1,045 Industrial 2,335 2,366 2,727 3,000 3,199 3,210 3,713 3,508 2,921 2,583 2,241 2,264 2,712 2,804 Other 3,606 3,912 4,154 4,746 5,445 6,368 6,719 7,495 6,535 6,312 5,942 6,448 7,100 8,409 Computer science 89 222 459 933 1,544 2,388 3,402 4,305 4,757 5,039 5,664 6,426 7,224 8,769 Field 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Women Engineering and computer science 159 208 271 433 536 685 953 1,216 1,478 1,801 2,441 3,583 5,346 7,344 Engineering, total 146 184 216 312 337 361 492 576 698 845 1,317 2,044 3,482 4,881 Aerospace 5 14 12 19 20 17 20 18 18 24 29 28 61 66 Chemical 23 28 30 53 57 64 80 94 120 147 289 452 752 1,055 Civil 23 28 31 47 53 60 77 89 145 173 279 485 759 1,049 Electrical 29 42 43 66 68 76 82 158 117 130 193 268 435 659 Mechanical 19 20 32 40 39 43 49 63 66 84 150 242 472 620 Materials 7 8 18 10 10 13 16 15 32 35 43 59 107 183 Industrial 10 9 15 16 21 20 40 31 44 59 87 149 323 428 CHARLES H DICKENS Other 30 35 35 61 69 68 128 108 156 193 247 361 573 821 Computer science 13 24 55 121 199 324 461 640 780 956 1,124 1,539 1,864 2,463
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From page 111... ...
Field 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Total bachelor's degrees Engineering and computer science 70,023 78,950 87,891 97,352 108,588 116,693 119,015 114,352 105,050 97,910 92,400 Engineering, total 58,810 63,717 67,460 72,670 76,153 77,572 76,820 74,425 70,154 66,947 64,705 Aerospace 1,424 1,809 2,120 2,127 2,534 2,854 2,902 2,989 3,092 2,944 3,048 Chemical 7,276 7,639 8,059 8,550 9,192 8,941 7,411 6,114 4,654 4,187 3,834 Civil 11,046 11,331 11,280 10,747 10,351 9,730 9,223 8,746 8,131 8,015 7,992 Electrical 13,902 15,040 16,553 19,205 21,541 23,668 26,112 26,791 25,942 24,318 23,015 Mechanical 12,020 13,573 14,315 16,031 17,040 17,200 16,586 15,723 15,331 15,217 14,693 Materials 1,303 1,434 1,696 1,392 1,355 1,276 1,259 1,152 1,211 1,114 1,166 Industrial 3,217 3,878 4,044 3,824 4,020 4,009 4,255 4,313 4,259 4,121 4,041 Other 8,622 9,013 9,393 10,794 10,120 9,894 9,072 8,597 7,534 7,031 6,916 Computer science 11,213 15,233 20,431 24,682 32,435 39,121 42,195 39,927 34,896 30,963 27,695 Women Engineering and computer science 9,351 12,016 15,390 18,644 22,795 25,677 26,264 25,293 22,132 19,733 18,347 Engineering, total 5,952 7,063 8,275 9,652 10,729 11,246 11,138 11,404 10,779 10,188 9,973 Aerospace 82 129 171 172 175 241 248 248 298 301 343 Chemical 1,287 1,365 1,612 1,789 2,077 2,093 1,606 1,540 1,132 1,170 1,089 Civil 1,087 1,231 1,318 1,484 1,423 1,342 1,229 1,196 1,171 1,174 1,262 Electrical 902 1,100 1,411 1,922 2,289 2,732 3,227 3,564 3,524 3,188 2,867 Mechanical 893 1,151 1,266 1,485 1,812 1,801 1,710 1,727 1,764 1,680 1,715 Materials 227 270 324 288 322 286 335 298 320 261 271 Industrial 545 767 952 1,000 1,071 1,167 1,281 1,384 1,245 1,261 1,206 Other 929 1,050 1,221 1,512 1,560 1,584 1,502 1,447 1,325 1,153 1,220 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS Computer science 3,399 4,953 7,115 8,992 12,066 14,431 15,126 13,889 11,353 9,545 8,374 111
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From page 112... ...
TABLE 10 Continued 112 Field 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Men Engineering and computer science 60,672 66,934 72,501 78,708 85,793 91,016 92,751 89,059 82,918 78,177 74,053 Engineering, total 52,858 56,654 59,185 63,018 65,424 66,326 65,682 63,021 59,375 56,759 54,732 Aerospace 1,342 1,680 1,949 1,955 2,359 2,613 2,654 2,741 2,794 2,643 2,705 Chemical 5,989 6,274 6,447 6,761 7,115 6,848 5,805 4,574 3,522 3,017 2,745 Civil 9,959 10,100 9,962 9,263 8,928 8,388 7,994 7,550 6,960 6,841 6,730 Electrical 13,000 13,940 15,142 17,283 19,252 20,936 22,885 23,227 22,418 21,130 20,148 Mechanical 11,127 12,422 13,049 14,546 15,228 15,399 14,876 13,996 13,567 13,537 12,978 Materials 1,076 1,164 1,372 1,104 1,033 990 924 854 891 853 895 Industrial 2,672 3,111 3,092 2,824 2,949 2,842 2,974 2,929 3,014 2,860 2,835 Other 7,693 7,963 8,172 9,282 8,560 8,310 7,570 7,150 6,209 5,878 5,696 Computer science 7,814 10,280 13,316 15,690 20,369 24,690 27,069 26,038 23,543 21,418 19,321 SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System.
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From page 113... ...
TABLE 11 Master's Degrees Awarded in Engineering and Computer Science by Field and Gender, 1966-1990 Field 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Total master's degrees Engineering and computer science 13,943 14,370 15,780 16,260 17,056 17,955 18,741 18,658 17,481 17,466 18,648 18,810 19,118 18,334 Engineering, total 13,705 13,921 15,232 15,248 15,597 16,367 16,764 16,545 15,205 15,167 16,045 16,012 16,080 15,279 Aerospace 798 802 841 835 749 717 687 563 557 477 479 385 411 372 Chemical 1,072 1,028 1,251 1,227 1,127 1,200 1,259 1,139 1,111 1,078 1,129 1,179 1,335 1,276 Civil 2,218 2,225 2,435 2,426 2,503 2,700 2,869 3,195 3,247 3,268 3,605 3,606 3,226 3,165 Electrical 3,872 3,953 4,226 4,033 4,138 4,282 4,209 3,899 3,499 3,471 3,774 3,788 3,742 3,596 Mechanical 2,154 2,176 2,136 2,299 2,298 2,502 2,552 2,396 2,058 2,032 2,088 2,094 2,095 2,012 Materials 400 444 460 441 429 480 524 582 521 500 475 504 506 529 Industrial 1,200 1,341 1,512 1,453 1,763 1,921 1,731 1,595 1,734 1,687 1,751 1,609 1,722 1,502 Other 1,991 1,952 2,371 2,534 2,590 2,565 2,933 3,176 2,478 2,654 2,744 2,847 3,043 2,827 Computer science 238 449 548 1,012 1,459 1,588 1,977 2,113 2,276 2,299 2,603 2,798 3,038 3,055 Women Engineering and computer science 93 104 129 186 304 350 496 503 640 710 945 1,164 1,410 1,512 Engineering, total 76 78 99 113 169 186 271 278 347 372 568 698 843 937 Aerospace 6 2 6 7 3 6 7 2 9 7 10 8 11 17 Chemical 7 7 14 11 18 27 29 22 31 27 41 69 90 120 Civil 9 21 17 20 30 44 48 60 83 107 151 185 196 214 Electrical 22 11 22 22 29 30 52 49 55 58 104 134 142 143 Mechanical 7 7 6 4 12 7 25 22 27 20 32 55 66 73 Materials 3 1 2 6 6 8 11 13 13 17 28 23 38 54 Industrial 6 10 9 8 17 23 25 29 45 56 81 75 138 128 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS Other 16 19 23 35 54 41 74 81 84 80 121 149 162 188 Computer science 17 26 30 73 135 164 225 225 293 338 377 466 567 575 113
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From page 114... ...
TABLE 11 Continued 114 Field 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Total master's degrees Engineering and computer science 19,590 20,669 22,492 24,207 26,335 28,073 29,166 30,551 31,892 33,142 33,638 Engineering, total 15,943 16,451 17,557 18,886 20,145 20,972 21,096 22,070 22,726 23,743 23,995 Aerospace 382 408 521 491 562 605 621 737 797 855 1,029 Chemical 1,393 1,406 1,409 1,545 1,798 1,814 1,641 1,386 1,322 1,321 1,205 Civil 3,198 3,428 3,456 3,504 3,551 3,542 3,281 3,267 3,134 3,296 3,213 Electrical 3,842 3,902 4,465 4,819 5,519 5,649 6,147 6,895 7,455 7,849 8,009 Mechanical 2,194 2,419 2,539 2,683 2,964 3,272 3,256 3,380 3,513 3,703 3,630 Materials 598 666 632 672 726 713 810 765 749 815 802 Industrial 1,313 1,631 1,656 1,432 1,557 1,463 1,653 1,728 1,816 1,823 1,834 Other 3,023 2,591 2,879 3,740 3,468 3,914 3,687 3,912 3,940 4,081 4,273 Computer science 3,647 4,218 4,935 5,321 6,190 7,101 8,070 8,481 9,166 9,399 9,643 Women Engineering and computer science 1,887 2,300 2,885 3,263 3,911 4,281 4,812 5,266 5,272 5,708 5,944 Engineering, total 1,123 1,329 1,575 1,755 2,100 2,244 2,400 2,770 2,808 3,082 3,269 Aerospace 9 20 39 37 27 31 43 55 63 64 82 Chemical 144 176 187 176 208 285 240 243 215 229 192 Civil 265 316 352 382 415 414 373 475 413 445 520 Electrical 184 221 288 335 438 495 639 717 813 916 991 Mechanical 107 127 151 166 199 228 254 247 295 326 354 Materials 59 79 72 105 121 113 137 165 152 181 152 Industrial 133 166 210 206 278 227 279 319 324 358 341 Other 222 224 276 348 414 451 435 549 533 563 637 Computer science 764 971 1,310 1,508 1,811 2,037 2,412 2,496 2,464 2,626 2,675 CHARLES H DICKENS SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System.
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From page 115... ...
TABLE 12 Doctorates Awarded in Engineering and Computer Science by Field, Citizenship, and Gender, 1966-1991 Field 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Total doctorates Engineering and computer science 2,301 2,607 2,864 3,276 3,446 3,514 3,509 3,375 3,161 3,011 2,868 2,679 2,546 2,704 Engineering, total 2,301 2,607 2,864 3,276 3,446 3,514 3,509 3,374 3,161 3,011 2,838 2,648 2,425 2,494 Aerospace 109 142 166 197 204 198 181 167 148 141 122 115 103 81 Chemical 367 330 377 422 457 407 391 424 418 396 335 329 282 315 Civil 293 307 368 364 366 427 437 435 390 361 388 336 303 302 Electrical 569 675 741 829 857 862 815 787 678 714 711 667 539 611 Mechanical 457 537 597 646 635 611 616 541 544 487 417 372 377 366 Materials 211 267 215 280 303 306 294 299 280 272 252 248 247 236 Industrial 46 61 74 111 117 134 142 109 92 92 67 73 51 82 Other 249 288 326 427 507 569 633 612 611 548 546 508 523 501 Computer science 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 31 121 210 U.S. citizens and permanent residents Engineering and computer science 1,834 2,157 2,384 2,742 2,952 2,960 2,958 2,707 2,271 2,137 1,949 1,824 1,676 1,792 Engineering, total 1,834 2,157 2,384 2,742 2,952 2,960 2,958 2,706 2,271 2,137 1,949 1,799 1,586 1,617 Aerospace 84 125 143 171 181 171 157 138 118 112 92 68 62 45 Chemical 308 284 311 357 400 340 332 326 282 268 212 215 179 193 Civil 195 224 268 255 270 315 343 312 242 231 229 210 170 178 Electrical 451 570 641 723 760 754 706 637 500 497 500 475 356 421 Mechanical 377 451 510 547 557 530 534 449 424 359 303 251 248 242 Materials 166 223 192 234 266 252 237 234 192 201 165 172 177 150 Industrial 41 44 60 102 88 121 124 96 61 72 40 48 40 54 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS Other 212 236 259 353 430 477 525 514 452 397 408 360 354 334 Computer science 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 25 90 175 115
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From page 116... ...
TABLE 12 Continued 116 Field 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Total doctorates to females Engineering and computer science 8 9 12 10 16 16 22 47 34 52 55 79 64 89 Engineering, total 8 9 12 10 16 16 22 46 34 52 55 74 53 62 Aerospace 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 2 3 2 0 3 1 0 Chemical 2 3 3 3 3 4 2 4 9 5 8 10 5 Civil 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 9 3 5 6 8 8 4 Electrical 2 0 0 3 3 4 5 7 3 16 15 21 17 11 Mechanical 1 2 2 0 2 0 2 7 7 4 4 6 3 5 Materials 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 7 3 5 8 10 5 8 Industrial 0 2 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 2 2 5 2 5 Other 1 0 3 1 4 1 8 8 5 13 12 11 12 20 Computer science 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 11 27 Female U.S. citizens and permanent residents Engineering and computer science 5 8 6 7 16 11 21 31 24 39 42 61 43 71 Engineering, total 5 8 6 7 16 11 21 30 24 39 42 57 36 44 Aerospace 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 1 0 1 1 0 Chemical 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 4 3 6 6 2 6 Civil 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 5 2 5 5 8 6 1 Electrical 0 0 0 3 3 3 4 3 1 10 12 16 12 8 Mechanical 1 2 0 0 2 0 2 5 6 2 3 5 1 5 Materials 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 2 4 6 8 3 5 Industrial 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 1 2 3 2 4 Other 1 0 2 0 4 1 8 7 5 13 8 10 9 15 Computer science 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 7 27 CHARLES H
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From page 117... ...
Field 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Total doctorates Engineering and computer science 2,697 2,760 2,866 3,067 3,208 3,476 3,775 4,162 4,703 5,156 5,598 6,009 Engineering, total 2,479 2,528 2,646 2,781 2,913 3,166 3,376 3,712 4,188 4,544 4,893 5,212 Aerospace 81 97 86 106 119 124 118 142 150 178 192 207 Chemical 316 317 333 392 409 504 531 584 685 712 658 690 Civil 306 358 368 397 408 391 429 477 532 539 553 573 Electrical 540 549 616 625 660 716 806 779 1,010 1,137 1,276 1,405 Mechanical 384 360 437 379 427 513 536 657 715 760 883 874 Materials 273 234 255 268 271 303 305 392 374 380 440 490 Industrial 77 66 79 86 84 92 101 120 127 162 151 163 Other 502 547 472 528 535 523 550 561 595 676 740 810 Computer science 218 232 220 286 295 310 399 450 515 612 705 797 U.S. citizens and permanent residents Engineering and computer science 1,723 1,659 1,620 1,689 1,708 1,807 1,975 2,188 2,473 2,625 2,743 2,799 Engineering, total 1,554 1,471 1,465 1,482 1,513 1,594 1,726 1,913 2,147 2,229 2,340 2,358 Aerospace 44 56 44 53 57 70 45 72 81 82 90 107 Chemical 179 177 188 215 217 292 298 350 408 444 391 392 Civil 179 192 180 187 201 170 192 203 234 247 241 203 Electrical 359 350 335 349 356 353 410 393 503 539 597 657 Mechanical 243 202 263 192 202 251 267 308 327 325 367 338 Materials 175 135 131 145 150 165 152 214 199 194 215 235 Industrial 44 42 49 45 36 38 47 57 51 59 69 63 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS Other 331 317 275 296 294 255 315 316 344 339 370 363 Computer science 169 188 155 207 195 213 249 275 326 396 403 441 117
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From page 118... ...
118 TABLE 12 Continued Field 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Total doctorates to females Engineering and computer science 111 125 144 160 188 231 273 307 342 483 525 568 Engineering, total 90 99 124 124 151 198 225 242 286 375 415 452 Aerospace 1 0 1 2 2 5 1 10 9 8 4 7 Chemical 14 11 19 23 27 41 61 60 65 80 78 80 Civil 11 10 17 13 25 20 21 18 30 54 49 39 Electrical 17 22 22 13 15 35 38 32 48 67 84 77 Mechanical 7 6 17 8 15 26 18 17 29 29 38 57 Materials 14 17 17 30 26 32 24 45 33 45 49 74 Industrial 7 6 6 6 16 6 14 13 19 18 25 17 Other 19 27 25 29 25 33 48 47 53 74 88 101 Computer science 21 26 20 36 37 33 48 65 56 108 110 116 Female U.S. citizens and permanent residents CHARLES H
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From page 120... ...
Engineering and computer science 263,068 268,057 293,228 323,443 374,271 442,107 602,053 Engineering, subtotal 238,139 239,346 259,353 290,518 336,725 402,102 532,763 Computer science 24,929 28,711 33,875 32,925 37,546 40,005 69,290 (Constant 1989 dollars in thousands) Engineering and computer science 671,263 626,888 624,554 647,404 702,329 773,320 967,464 Engineering, subtotal 607,652 559,743 552,403 581,501 631,873 703,344 856,119 Computer science 63,611 67,145 72,151 65,903 70,456 69,976 111,345 Nonfederal sources (Current dollars in thousands)
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From page 121... ...
Engineering and computer science 1,454,071 1,492,522 1,505,074 1,590,862 1,707,613 1,934,500 2,178,094 Engineering, subtotal 1,270,967 1,299,202 1,298,338 1,364,420 1,444,764 1,614,709 1,821,400 Aerospace 78,255 73,085 78,790 83,240 81,807 91,704 104,797 Chemical 89,553 115,472 112,569 116,690 119,049 132,343 146,792 Civil 122,626 145,924 146,367 153,796 163,849 174,417 197,658 Electrical 269,928 259,696 275,902 318,454 346,146 384,242 438,384 Mechanical 206,895 189,135 180,277 181,605 209,892 236,592 253,182 Materials 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 503,710 515,890 504,434 510,636 524,020 595,412 680,586 Computer science 183,104 193,320 206,737 226,442 262,850 319,790 356,695 Nonfederal sources (Current dollars in thousands) Engineering and computer science 307,161 344,069 379,348 434,790 504,483 635,862 752,224 Engineering, subtotal 270,395 304,376 337,097 387,458 443,271 550,771 663,503 Aerospace 10,877 10,868 13,029 14,590 15,202 19,006 21,751 Chemical 21,604 28,479 33,838 38,896 41,560 51,591 58,976 Civil 29,932 46,972 56,246 62,803 67,293 74,322 89,718 Electrical 44,507 46,529 50,102 68,645 85,507 108,854 134,644 Mechanical 46,339 45,783 45,219 49,079 60,014 73,620 80,112 Materials 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 117,136 125,745 138,663 153,445 173,695 223,378 278,302 Computer science 36,766 39,693 42,251 47,332 61,212 85,091 88,721 (Constant 1989 dollars in thousands)
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From page 122... ...
122 CHARLES H DICKENS TABLE 13 Continued Field 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Federal sources (Current dollars in thousands)
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From page 123... ...
Engineering and computer science 1,473,898 1,581,580 1,705,601 1,790,479 1,996,952 Engineering, subtotal 1,197,055 1,280,459 1,383,162 1,463,971 1,630,943 Aerospace 86,249 97,544 111,737 118,102 131,708 Chemical 82,466 89,032 101,187 103,421 114,310 Civil 96,515 107,397 101,688 111,410 122,874 Electrical 314,380 344,010 389,773 417,907 437,494 Mechanical 192,025 200,556 213,864 229,297 243,182 Materials 0 0 0 136,049 155,051 Other 425,421 441,921 464,913 347,785 426,326 Computer science 276,842 301,120 322,439 326,508 366,009 Nonfederal sources (Current dollars in thousands) Engineering and computer science 894,956 986,900 1,165,318 1,307,585 1,440,260 Engineering, subtotal 779,789 867,489 1,015,576 1,138,329 1,261,805 Aerospace 27,982 29,133 33,340 36,352 42,613 Chemical 71,710 77,053 92,873 107,205 124,243 Civil 101,162 122,121 144,821 169,113 192,260 Electrical 158,879 179,210 210,622 232,622 244,719 Mechanical 96,648 111,198 130,276 153,774 171,889 Materials 0 0 0 133,584 146,941 Other 323,408 348,774 403,644 305,679 339,140 Computer science 115,167 119,411 149,742 169,256 178,455
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From page 124... ...
Engineering and computer science 962,836 1,027,592 1,165,318 1,255,844 1,430,259 Engineering, subtotal 838,934 903,258 1,015,576 1,093,286 1,261,804 Aerospace 30,104 30,334 33,340 34,914 42,613 Chemical 77,149 80,230 92,873 102,963 124,243 Civil 108,835 127,156 144,821 162,421 192,260 Electrical 170,930 186,599 210,622 223,417 244,719 Mechanical 103,978 115,783 130,276 147,689 171,889 Materials 0 0 0 128,298 146,941 Other 347,938 363,155 403,644 293,583 339,140 Computer science 123,902 124,335 149,742 162,559 178,455 NOTE: Before 1980, NSF did not collect data by field of engineering. SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System.
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From page 125... ...
TABLE 14 Full-Time Graduate Research Assistants by Field and Source of Support, 1972-1991 Field 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 All sources of support Engineering and computer science 10,369 11,033 11,850 11,733 12,059 12,543 0 13,634 Engineering, subtotal 9,731 10,380 11,103 10,987 11,328 11,819 0 12,817 Aerospace 598 544 534 512 484 497 0 503 Chemical 1,326 1,351 1,348 1,364 1,455 1,487 0 1,745 Civil 1,391 1,607 1,836 1,718 1,858 1,957 0 1,926 Electrical 2,093 2,203 2,187 2,183 2,153 2,435 0 2,596 Mechanical 1,200 1,556 1,696 1,636 1,778 1,762 0 1,967 Materials 1,000 987 1,018 1,070 1,105 1,150 0 1,320 Industrial 467 494 616 516 476 460 0 563 Other 1,656 1,638 1,868 1,988 2,019 2,071 0 2,197 Computer science 638 653 747 746 731 724 0 817 Federal sources, total Engineering and computer science 6,821 7,005 7,258 7,387 7,599 7,971 0 8,579 Engineering, subtotal 6,416 6,554 6,781 6,935 7,213 7,497 0 7,998 Aerospace 414 407 406 385 330 366 0 355 Chemical 777 779 707 817 863 899 0 950 Civil 789 855 962 902 1,019 1,025 0 1,094 Electrical 1,638 1,668 1,646 1,697 1,665 1,828 0 1,878 Mechanical 743 979 1,010 1,045 1,185 1,189 0 1,273 Materials 755 756 740 760 823 836 0 1,013 Industrial 260 198 266 220 172 212 0 230 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS Other 1,040 912 1,044 1,109 1,156 1,142 0 1,205 Computer science 405 451 477 452 386 474 0 581 125
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From page 126... ...
TABLE 14 Continued 126 Field 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 National Science Foundation Engineering and computer science 2,207 2,390 2,325 2,364 2,284 2,314 0 2,368 Engineering, subtotal 2,002 2,174 2,134 2,173 2,138 2,094 0 2,128 Aerospace 58 60 59 75 48 45 0 21 Chemical 369 437 376 395 404 375 0 345 Civil 246 241 229 251 279 262 0 316 Electrical 494 549 535 556 513 493 0 552 Mechanical 217 319 344 320 311 329 0 300 Materials 245 243 239 274 274 291 0 351 Industrial 52 64 69 57 48 45 0 39 Other 321 261 283 245 261 254 0 204 Computer science 205 216 191 191 146 220 0 240 National Institutes of Health Engineering and computer science 381 334 350 424 472 387 0 367 Engineering, subtotal 356 299 314 385 430 348 0 327 Aerospace 3 7 6 5 6 4 0 1 Chemical 50 40 36 32 50 40 0 40 Civil 7 10 6 7 2 11 0 4 Electrical 118 75 106 111 125 111 0 93 Mechanical 49 50 34 60 66 45 0 52 Materials 31 37 28 32 36 24 0 27 Industrial 39 6 15 18 6 7 0 10 Other 59 74 83 120 139 106 0 100 Computer science 25 35 36 39 42 39 0 40 CHARLES H
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From page 127... ...
Other HHS Engineering and computer science 102 97 116 109 73 73 0 106 Engineering, subtotal 101 93 108 98 66 66 0 105 Aerospace 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 Chemical 14 15 9 8 4 3 0 9 Civil 7 16 14 5 19 9 0 22 Electrical 25 4 16 18 14 7 0 13 Mechanical 27 29 19 18 12 21 0 6 Materials 6 2 12 10 2 5 0 10 Industrial 6 14 22 22 6 5 0 17 Other 15 13 16 15 9 16 0 26 Computer science 1 4 8 11 7 7 0 1 Department of Defense Engineering and computer science 1,726 1,558 1,650 1,627 1,632 1,705 0 1,777 Engineering, subtotal 1,609 1,424 1,464 1,470 1,474 1,538 0 1,569 Aerospace 185 143 160 138 133 141 0 154 Chemical 66 44 51 49 33 36 0 47 Civil 67 46 58 72 64 58 0 46 Electrical 622 628 574 641 635 712 0 723 Mechanical 145 201 180 186 208 218 0 205 Materials 181 183 158 165 186 174 0 182 Industrial 92 46 51 48 31 47 0 47 Other 251 133 232 171 184 152 0 165 Computer science 117 134 186 157 158 167 0 208 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS 127
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From page 128... ...
TABLE 14 Continued 128 Field 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Other federal agencies Engineering and computer science 2,405 2,626 2,817 2,863 3,138 3,492 0 3,961 Engineering, subtotal 2,348 2,564 2,761 2,809 3,105 3,451 0 3,869 Aerospace 167 197 181 165 143 176 0 177 Chemical 278 243 235 333 372 445 0 509 Civil 462 542 655 567 655 685 0 706 Electrical 379 412 415 371 378 505 0 497 Mechanical 305 380 433 461 588 576 0 710 Materials 292 291 303 279 325 342 0 443 Industrial 71 68 109 75 81 108 0 117 Other 394 431 430 558 563 614 0 710 Computer science 57 62 56 54 33 41 0 92 Nonfederal sources Engineering and computer science 3,548 4,028 4,592 4,346 4,460 4,572 0 5,055 Engineering, subtotal 3,315 3,826 4,322 4,052 4,115 4,322 0 4,819 Aerospace 184 137 128 127 154 131 0 148 Chemical 549 572 641 547 592 588 0 795 Civil 602 752 874 816 839 932 0 832 Electrical 455 535 541 486 488 607 0 718 Mechanical 457 577 686 591 593 573 0 694 Materials 245 231 278 310 282 314 0 307 Industrial 207 296 350 296 304 248 0 333 Other 616 726 824 879 863 929 0 992 Computer science 233 202 270 294 345 250 0 236 CHARLES H
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Field 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 All sources of support Engineering and computer science 14,959 15,486 15,799 16,940 17,919 19,976 22,766 24,984 26,499 27,941 28,425 30,311 Engineering, subtotal 13,923 14,388 14,608 15,537 16,284 17,900 20,412 22,147 23,452 24,602 25,086 26,763 Aerospace 580 583 617 691 673 725 823 815 934 1,040 1,137 1,232 Chemical 1,949 2,136 2,199 2,413 2,487 2,605 2,741 2,970 3,007 3,026 3,017 3,180 Civil 2,121 2,111 2,027 2,245 2,440 2,417 2,786 2,908 3,072 3,042 3,095 3,562 Electrical 2,851 2,891 2,950 3,192 3,156 3,677 4,447 5,111 5,722 6,129 6,212 6,576 Mechanical 2,052 2,138 2,213 2,371 2,663 3,280 3,666 3,930 4,069 4,248 4,238 4,633 Materials 1,390 1,558 1,522 1,681 1,749 1,963 2,247 2,264 2,331 2,507 2,545 2,509 Industrial 591 542 552 433 563 585 716 944 1,049 1,167 1,130 1,270 Other 2,389 2,429 2,528 2,511 2,553 2,648 2,986 3,205 3,268 3,443 3,712 3,801 Computer science 1,036 1,098 1,191 1,403 1,635 2,076 2,354 2,837 3,047 3,339 3,339 3,548 Federal sources, total Engineering and computer science 9,212 9,240 9,325 9,838 9,646 9,499 10,704 11,868 12,617 13,042 12,941 13,865 Engineering, subtotal 8,534 8,525 8,562 8,995 8,675 8,426 9,556 10,361 10,971 11,259 11,153 11,910 Aerospace 375 399 469 541 524 478 558 567 634 623 651 741 Chemical 1,100 1,136 1,121 1,213 1,196 1,141 1,245 1,366 1,325 1,267 1,287 1,310 Civil 1,237 1,076 1,059 1,058 1,109 1,009 1,117 1,225 1,221 1,198 1,176 1,406 Electrical 1,982 1,971 2,061 2,124 1,829 1,694 2,027 2,332 2,750 2,752 2,719 2,933 Mechanical 1,240 1,283 1,278 1,423 1,469 1,585 1,709 1,926 2,061 2,136 2,044 2,158 Materials 1,017 1,132 1,067 1,139 1,111 1,146 1,323 1,240 1,288 1,411 1,327 1,235 Industrial 261 240 189 167 169 156 178 248 289 289 271 375 Other 1,322 1,288 1,318 1,330 1,268 1,217 1,399 1,457 1,403 1,583 1,678 1,752 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS Computer science 678 715 763 843 971 1,073 1,148 1,507 1,646 1,783 1,788 1,955 129
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TABLE 14 Continued 130 Field 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 National Science Foundation Engineering and computer science 2,447 2,465 2,626 2,749 2,753 2,773 3,183 3,626 3,942 3,954 3,946 4,287 Engineering, subtotal 2,171 2,133 2,285 2,411 2,370 2,355 2,811 3,119 3,405 3,289 3,245 3,508 Aerospace 31 27 32 36 24 24 30 55 62 55 73 75 Chemical 355 421 452 509 518 512 552 587 590 550 542 534 Civil 326 310 373 361 357 336 377 442 390 349 392 443 Electrical 532 464 541 546 459 441 635 736 1,003 929 936 1,030 Mechanical 263 270 284 323 355 390 435 538 608 559 528 594 Materials 342 361 329 367 342 385 410 402 418 431 373 330 Industrial 35 41 30 40 54 38 76 94 110 118 116 164 Other 287 239 244 229 261 229 296 265 224 298 285 338 Computer science 276 332 341 338 383 418 372 507 537 665 701 779 National Institutes of Health Engineering and computer science 373 325 347 368 374 347 377 427 515 578 600 628 Engineering, subtotal 333 293 311 352 354 327 335 377 459 537 558 585 Aerospace 1 4 3 2 4 1 2 5 2 3 9 14 Chemical 30 34 35 37 56 44 60 58 78 75 76 72 Civil 19 8 17 16 7 8 16 7 3 13 9 29 Electrical 89 75 50 59 63 54 49 46 93 70 82 85 Mechanical 37 33 44 51 42 59 38 51 55 53 62 49 Materials 22 14 7 16 16 17 10 5 7 9 13 12 Industrial 8 5 10 10 9 8 4 6 5 16 21 15 Other 127 120 145 161 157 136 156 199 216 298 286 309 Computer science 40 32 36 16 20 20 42 50 56 41 42 43 CHARLES H
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Other HHS Engineering and computer science 57 45 55 59 44 44 42 83 56 61 70 49 Engineering, subtotal 54 43 51 56 43 43 41 83 56 55 61 43 Aerospace 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 3 0 0 0 Chemical 5 1 8 5 7 1 2 8 4 0 2 2 Civil 21 20 6 10 0 9 2 4 2 2 3 4 Electrical 8 6 22 20 12 16 16 24 24 17 21 10 Mechanical 6 8 6 2 4 14 6 11 2 4 1 2 Materials 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 2 2 0 1 4 Industrial 11 6 4 1 0 0 8 5 7 12 4 13 Other 2 1 5 17 17 2 7 25 12 20 29 8 Computer science 3 2 4 3 1 1 1 0 0 6 9 6 Department of Defense Engineering and computer science 1,895 2,189 2,365 2,642 2,574 2,633 3,052 3,811 3,924 3,927 3,644 3,760 Engineering, subtotal 1,686 1,903 2,082 2,325 2,146 2,169 2,523 3,053 3,104 3,127 2,936 3,007 Aerospace 161 221 197 241 234 231 250 294 306 276 268 292 Chemical 64 50 66 87 83 79 88 132 123 111 79 113 Civil 54 44 60 74 97 104 149 189 192 194 153 175 Electrical 749 865 953 1,034 862 822 906 1,116 1,141 1,150 1,110 1,106 Mechanical 231 261 262 362 344 381 428 586 612 658 546 552 Materials 191 206 251 249 278 305 420 409 380 408 425 412 Industrial 60 58 48 42 30 44 36 56 65 52 49 50 Other 176 198 245 236 218 203 246 271 285 278 306 307 Computer science 209 286 283 317 428 464 529 758 820 800 708 753 THE ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH ENTERPRISE: STATUS AND TRENDS 131
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SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System.
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Key Terms
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