Marshaling Technology for Development Proceedings of a Symposium (1995) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Opportunities and Strategies by Sector
Opportunities and Strategies by Sector
Pages 35-49
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From page 35... ...
The prices of some nonrenewable resources, fuels, and materials that are not economically recyclable will increase, denying their availability to many developing countries. The world's energy demands also will rise dramatically; in fact, in the next few years the expanding populations of India and China alone will account for two-thirds of the increase in total world energy consumption.
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From page 36... ...
Agricultural management strategies on the national and regional levels Because the world is facing a shrinking land base and growing demand for agricultural products, the output per unit area of the food and feedgrains, as well as starchy vegetables, must more than double over the next 25 years. While there is considerable scope for increasing yields within the existing genetic potential, scientific breakthroughs will be needed to fully achieve the needed yields.
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From page 37... ...
Although these marginal lands cannot support the continual cultivation of staple crops, millions of poor people depend on these lands for subsistence. Indeed, they carry the bulb of the rural population and must be kept viable until urban economic development can accommodate the excess labor force from these rural areas.
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From page 38... ...
Despite all the challenges facing agriculture, global trade patterns and communications technologies are creating opportunities for agroindustries in new geographic areas, including industries to produce industrial feedstocks from agricultural products. At the same time, science is developing substitutes for traditional agricultural crops.
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From page 39... ...
Linkages among manufacturers and suppliers are independent of location that is, manufacturing plants in any country may depend on components and materials from suppliers in other countries, often on other continents. Integration is enacted through joint ventures, licensing, or foreign direct investment, and often involves technology transfer or other forms of alliances to share or jointly develop technology, even among firms in the same country.
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From page 40... ...
Services Services usually defined as intangible and nonstorable goods, which are generally insulated from international competition but highly prone to regulation internally are being transformed by the changing nature of competition in service markets. Some new categories of services transborder services are explicitly international; others are embedded in the value chains of international integrated manufacturing.
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From page 41... ...
Today, most of the world's population increase, the highest rates of economic growth, and the resulting threats to the environment are occurring in the developing countries. But that is also where most of the humid tropical forests that help to sustain the balance of atmospheric carbon dioxide are located, and where the congested and polluted cities and the falling water tables have as yet found no remedy.
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From page 42... ...
The best gas-powered combined-cycle combustion turbines approach 50 percent higher efficiency than direct fossil fuel-fired power plants. Other technologies are based on coal, which constitutes 80 percent of the world's fossil fuel resource and is the main resource of the two largest countries, India and China.
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From page 43... ...
Another major environmental concern is global warming. Because of the difficulties and the costs associated with nuclear power for electricity generation and the inevitable production of carbon dioxide in fossil fuel combustion, the main long-term option for stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions is renewable energy sources in the forms of solar power, wind power, and biomass energy.
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From page 44... ...
Finally, sources of biomass for commercial energy generation are either waste products or crops grown specifically for energy production. In either case, this area may benefit from advances in biotechnology, both for higher productivity of fuel crops and for more efficient conversion of the biomass to energy.
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From page 45... ...
Cost-effective interventions are required to control the growing prevalence of chronic illness heart disease, cancer, stroke, lung disease, and diabetes and to reduce the use of tobacco, which exacerbates these . illnesses.
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From page 46... ...
Patients visiting the remote locations are "examined" by physicians through interactive video and communications equipment that allows them to view patients, receive diagnostic data and x-rays, and instruct attending physicians or paramedics in treatment procedures. In the future, virtual-reality technologies, combined with fiber optics and endoscopy, may enable physicians, working in a central facility and provided with global information resources, to perform surgery and other operations in remote locations.
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From page 47... ...
Hardware development textbooks and computers is far ahead of software, but such soft technologies as theories of learning, educational standards, and translation and voice recognition programs can make important contributions. Schools are generally resistant to technology-driven changes.
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From page 48... ...
Technology can sometimes provide substitutes for all of these elements. For example, the National Science Resource Center of the National Research Council and Smithsonian Institution has prepared syllabus materials for the primary and secondary levels that provide units of experimental science and include low-cost materials and supporting information for teachers.
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From page 49... ...
Thus in those sectors that are generally public notably education and, in part, health-even some of the technologies available and clearly needed are not being applied. The final chapter is therefore devoted to some recommendations for action by governments, the private sector, the scientific community, and the development agencies, led by the World Bank, to ensure that a majority of the world's population benefits from the technology revolution.
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