Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings and Monuments (1982) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 347-365
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From page 347... ...
aggregation properties of building stone density, 65 permeability, 66, 68 physical models, 69-71 porosity, 65-66 ranges of values, 64 ALA {see American Institute of ArchitectsJ air-abrasive cleaning techniques Isee sandblasting) air conditioning, masonry building deterioration, 211 air-entraining agents with mortar, lSl152 air-monitoring stations, 4 See also monitoring air pollutants air concentrations, 193-194, 195 data availability, 203 dissolution by acidic substances, 121 gaseous, 199, 205, 208 monitoring equipment and networks, 343 sulfur dioxide deposition, 185 wet and dry surface deposition, 4, 5, 183-196 Isee also acid rain; aerosols; pollutants)
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From page 348... ...
Association for Preservation Technology building maintenance training programs, 282 scientific advisory committees, 10 stone conservation standards, 8 structural distress diagnosis, 5 ASTM {see American Society for Testing and Materials) Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Province, 49, 55, 56 atmospheric factors in stone decay, measurement methods, 10~109 atmospheric pollutants {see aerosols; air pollutants; pollutants)
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From page 349... ...
bridges, structural distress diagnosis, 5 "brittle" failure, 89 Brownian diffusion, 185-189, 202 brownstone, 52 building failures diagnosis of problems, 212 documentation, 230 building maintenance See maintenance) building practices, 212 research needs, 230 Building Preservation and Rehabilitation Technology, Subcommittee of American Society of Testing and Materials, 8 building stone aggregation properties, 64-71 ASTM specifications, 79 ASTM standard E632, 287, 289-290, 292, 294, 306-307 capillary flow, 70-71 characteristics of value, 50 color, 77 conservation of natural resource, 60 density, 64, 65 elasticity, 71-72, 76 electrical properties, 63, 78-79 foreign sources, 58 geologic description, 51 geologic sources, 49-61 hardness, 75-76 integrity, loss of, 287 inventory of use, 2-3 lithologie provinces, 55-58 magnetic properties, 63-79 mechanical properties, 63, 64, 7~77 national inventory, 3 optical properties, 63, 77-78 permeability, 62 physical properties, 62-86 measurement, 333 porosity, 62 selection criteria, 79, 213 service life degradation factors, 291, 292 susceptibility to stone deterioration, 84
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From page 350... ...
chemical cleaning brick masonry walls, 159-160 stone surfaces, 275-276 : folder clay minerals brick raw material, 146 cement, 82 permeability, 66, 68-69 spectra by reflectance radiometry, 177, 178 cleaning stone surfaces air-abrasive techniques, 274-275 brick masonry walls, 159-160 chemical cleaning, 159, 160, 275-276 historic buildings, 272-280 lime-based treatments, 277-278, 331 mechanical cleaning, 274 methods, 7 poultice techniques, 276-277 salt crystallization problem, 157 sandblasting, 273, 274-275 steam cleaning, 274 washing, 273-274 {see also treatment of stone) Cleopatra's Needle, London, wax treatment of stone surface, 304305 climatic conditions conservation interventions, 27 protective coatings, 38 stone deterioration, 197-210 coatings criteria for, 7 deterioration delay, 38 hydrophobic materials, 20 polymer composites, 312-321 studies of uses, 161 synthetic polymers, 322-328 waterproof, 20, 145, 158, 277 (see also acrylics; alkoxysilanes; spelling; stone preservatives; treatment of stone)
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From page 351... ...
conservation antiquities, 13 application of science, 13-14 architectural, 22, 23 cultural property, 22-30 definition, 46 ethics, 25 failures, 13 history, 13-14 interdisciplinary work requirement, 16 interventions, 25 climatic conditions, 27 consolidation, 27-29 degrees of, 27-30 deterioration prevention, 27, 28 documentation, 26-27 inventories, 26 preparatory procedures, 26 preservation, 27, 28 principles of, 22-30 reconstruction, 27, 30 rehabilitation, 27, 29-30 reproduction, 27, 30 restoration, 27, 29 laboratories, 272 methodology, 23 natural resources, building stone, 60 policy, 17, 20, 22, 338-339 practical, 14, 15 principles of, 22-30 processes, 15, 20 scientist's attitude, 15-16 technologists, 14, 16-18 technology, 1~15 (see also monuments, conservation; stone conservation; stone preservatives; treatment of stone) Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings and Monuments, Committee on 351 conference, 1-2 members and staff, iii-iv report, 1-12 conservators, 18 architectural, 23 relationship with scientists, 15, 16 consolidation, cultural property, 27, 2829 Isee also stone consolidation)
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From page 352... ...
dissolution, 113-115 cementing materials, 287 limestone, 164 marble, 164 stone materials, 163 District of Columbia Isee Washington, D.C.) Index documentation building failures, 230 CCMS pilot study projects, 343 conservation interventions, 26-27 maintenance of stone methods, 8 masonry structure evaluation, 239 materials suppliers, listing of, 7 materials used, 7 mechanisms of deterioration, 8 methods used, 7 requirements for registered monuments, 7 stone consolidant use, 305 treatments, 7, 9, 344 dolomite, moisture deterioration, 108 downspouts, 225 dry deposition of air pollutants, 183-196 classification of mechanisms, 202 "ductile" fracture, 89 EDM See electronic distance measurement)
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From page 353... ...
ethics for conservation treatments, 25 evaporation by diffusion, 122-124, 189190, 202 extruded brick, 148, 152, 155 extrusion equipment, 147 Federal Building, Washington, D.C., 41 feldspars, 52-53 decomposition models, 164 rate of decay, 115 Fick's first law, 122, 133, 142 field data, importance, 8 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, dissolution of marble columns, 113, 114 flashing, water penetration, 150, 158159, 160, 225-226 fluorocarbons, coating material, 161 fluosilicates in stone conservation, 14 fog measurement, stone preservation application, 204, 206 foundations, moisture damage to masonry, 229-230 fracture of rock, 87-107 (see also "brittle" failure; "ductile" fracture; microfractures) freeze-thaw cycle brick, 151-156 masonry deterioration, 121, 145 stone deterioration, 4, 5, 73 stone preservative freezing tests, 333 friability of rock, 77 funding for research of conservation and preservation of monuments, 10-11 gabbro, 64 gaseous air pollutants, measurement for stone preservation applications, 206, 208 geologic sources, building stone, 49-61 geophysical loads, stone structures, 5 Georgia, building stone production, 49, 54 353 geotechnical loads, stone structures, 5 grafitti, 40, 42 grain density, 65 granite, 80 blisters on stone surfaces, 141 compressibility, 93 definition, ASTM standard, 52-53 fracture strength, 97-99, 101 physical properties, 64 salt decay, 141 scaling, 11 7-1 1 8 spelling, 118 thermal cracking, 96 U.S.
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From page 354... ...
holography, 268-269 honeycombs on sandstone, 108' 111, 115 Hooke's law, application to stres~strain curve, 87 hornblende, tremolite, 115-116 human impacts, masonry structure deterioration, 43 humidity gradient, historic structures, 3 humidity measurement, stone preservation applications, 204, 206-207 hydrofluoric acid chemical attack on brick, 157 cleaning agent for stone surfaces, 276 stone consolidant, 298 hydrolysis, 164, 323, 324 hydrophobic coating materials, 20 See also coatings; waterproof coatings) hydrostatic stresses, 89 hydroxides, stone consolidant, 295-297 hysteresis loop, 87, 88, 90 ICCROM See Intemational Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, Rome)
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From page 355... ...
limonite, cement, 82 lintels bending strength tests, 333 stone deterioration problem area, 227229 lithologic provinces, 55-58 load-carrying potential brick and masonry structures, 5, 160161, 234, 237 testing altematives, 238 loading-unloading cycles See deformation of rock; fracture of rock; hysteresis loop) longitudinal strain-stress curve, 93 magnetic properties, building stone, 79 maintenance of stone structures, 9 attitude toward maintenance personnel, 281, 284 contracting for services, 283 diagnosis, condition of structure, 283 employee turnover, 283 historic structures, 272-280, 281-286 masonry preservation, 38 periodic inspection, 282 record keeping, 282, 283 RESTORE, training program, 284-285 routines, 17, 20, 21 trade specialization, effect on, 283 training programs, 282-285 See also cleaning stone surfaces; stone
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From page 356... ...
production, 49 Martin Luther Monument, Worms, West , Germany, spelling, 118 Masonic Cemetery, Fredericksburg, Virginia, 115, 116 masonry acidic attack, 121 air pollutant deterioration, 121 architectural material, 32 characterization, 2 crystallization phenomena, 120-144 deterioration mechanisms, 145 fractures, 5 wind-driven dust, 121 [see also brick; building stone; stone) Masonry Institute, 11 masonry structures animal and bird impacts, 40, 41, 43 cleaning agents, 157 corrective measures, problems, 43-44 deficiencies aesthetic, 234 correction process, 240-241 structural, 234 design defects, 211-232 discoloration, 36 efflorescence, 157 human impacts, 43 mineral impacts, 40 mismatch of materials, 159 moisture damage, 6, 229-230 monitoring performance of remedial work, 241 nonstructural problem diagnosis, 211232 restoration procedures, 16~161 staining, 36 structural design integrity, 158, 23 241 vegetable impacts, 40 Washington, D.C., 31-48 Index water-impermeable coatings, 158 (see also historic structures; monuments; stone structures| materials suppliers, 7 Mayari-R, staining problems, 36 mechanical cleaning of stone surfaces, 274 mechanical erosion of masonry, 121 {see also sandblasting)
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From page 357... ...
. c ,etenoratlon friability tests, 77 preservative trials, quantitative, 332 meteorological events, 4-5 pollution-caused environmental conditions, 38 requirements for buildings, 4 site investigation of masonry, structure deterioration, 23~237 techniques, 4 trials for stone preservatives, 338339 structure change, photogrammetry, 242-271 monomers, stone consolidation, 319-320 monument stone (see brick; building stone; masonry; stoned monuments conservation, 1, 341-345 funding for research, 10-1 1 poultice techniques 27~277 techniques, 342-343 technology transfer, 1 definition, 341 preservation analytical methods, 163-182 funding for research, 10-11 restoration, 341-345 structural distress diagnosis, 5 Washington, D.C.
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From page 358... ...
neutron-g~mma techniques, 163,177, 179-182 neutron moisture probe, 6 New Hampshire, building stone production, 49,54 nitrate pollution, effect on stone structures, 4 NMAB {see National Materials Advisory Board) nondestructive testing diagnostic surveys, 6 masonry structure evaluation, 238 RILEM proposals, 9 photogrammetry, 242-271 stone preservative trials, 332 stone preservation, NASA study, viii stone structure.deterioration, 163 structural damage diagnosis, 238 treatment evaluation, 9, 10 X-ray diffraction, 170 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Committee on the Challenges of Modem Society, vii purpose, 345 role in conservation/restoration of monuments, 341-342 NTHP {see National Trust for Historic Preservation)
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From page 359... ...
poultice techniques, 276-277, 278 Powder Diffraction File, 169 practical conservation, 14, 15 precipitation (see acid rain; rain) precision in photogrammetry, 246-247 prehistoric structures, photogrammetric measurement and monitoring, 242-271 prepolymers, stone consolidation, 319320 preservation (see cultural property, preservation; historic structures, preservation; monuments, preservation; stone preservatives; stone preservation; stone structures, preservation)
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From page 360... ...
saline-water content effect on electrical properties of building stone, 78 ground moisture, 111 salt crystallization test brick, 149 stone preservatives, 333 Isee also salt decay, crystallization phenomena) salt decay chemical cleaning of stone surfaces, 275-276 crystallization phenomena, 120-144, 288 atmospheric factors, 200 brick durability, 149, 156-157, 158 prevention using stone preservatives, 335 stone consolidants, 293 masonry, 145 model, need for, 5 {see also efflorescence; spelling)
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From page 361... ...
stereophotography, 244-246 stone, definition, 50 Isee also building stone; dimension stone stone buildings {see historic structures; monuments; stone structures) 361 stone conservation alkali silicate application, 14 fluosilicate application, 14 funding for research, 10-11 practice, 20-21 scientific support, 19 scientist's role, 13-21 silicates, 14 standards, 8 Isee also coatings; conservation; cultural property, conservation; monuments, conservation; stone consolidants; stone preservatives; treatments for stone surfaces)
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From page 362... ...
stone structures deterioration nondestructive analysis, 6, 163 Index rate of, 1, 312 water and moisture, 6 diagnostic surveys and techniques, 5, 6 loading, 5 preservation methods, 1 Washington, D.C., 31-48 (see also historic structures; monumental stone surfaces {see cleaning stone surfaces; coatings; stone consolidants; stone preservatives; surface of stone| Stones of the Nation's Capital, 2 stress-strain curves elastic materials, 87, 88 glass, 88 longitudinal, 93 plastic flow, 88, 89 sandstone, 96, 97 (see also thermal stresses; volumetric strain-pressure curve) strontium hydroxide, 196-197 structural integrity diagnosis in masonry structures, 5, 239-241 analytical techniques, 238-239 documentation, 239 evaluation process, 235, 236, 239 preliminary evaluation plan, 235-237 site investigation, 236, 237 testing alternatives, 237-238 sulfur dioxide deposition, 185 See also deposition of air pollutants)
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From page 363... ...
synthetic organic polymers, 287, 304, 312-313 acrylic copolymers, 302 acrylic polymers, 301-302 vinyl polymers, 302 synthetic polymers antioxidant, 324, 325 antiweathering stabilizers, 324-325 composition, 323 protective coatings, 322-328 site evaluations, 325-326 stabilizers, 324-325 weathering of, 322-328 weatherometer evaluations, 327 technologists {see conservation, technologists) technology and dimension stone industry, 59 and science, 14 transfer to preservation of historic buildings and monuments, 1, 6 temperature deformation of rock, effect on, 95-97 fracture of rock, factor in, 89 measurement for stone preservation applications, 204, 207 terra-cotta, air-abrasive cleaning techniques, 275 terrestrial vs.
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From page 364... ...
Public Buildings Service Inventory, 31 universities, curricula in technology of historic buildings, 10 urbanization, effects on stone buildings, values, cultural, 23-24, 27 vapor barriers, criteria for, 7 {see also coatings) vegetable impacts, masonry structures, 40 Vermont, building stone production, 49, 54 vibration, role in deterioration of stone structures, 5, 6 vinyl polymers, 302 volumetric strain-pressure curve, 90, 91 Walls base of, moisture damage, 229-230 bearing, 214-215 cavity, 214, 215-217 curtain wall construction, 217-222 washing stone surfaces, 273-274 {see also cleaning stone surfaces)
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From page 365... ...
~" 111 mad acts ~ awe ~tedo~bo~ 199 measurement ~r stone pIese^ation ~plicadons, 205, 20308 w~d-~v~ gust, mason deed 121 window opens in mason, 22~229 X~ detraction abyss, 163, 16~170 X-r~ Quiescence spectroscopy, 1~, 165, 170, 205, 209 365 gem disperse systems, 16~168 Raveled dispersive systems, 16168 X-~ photoelectron spectmsc~y, 174 X-~ spectroscopy, 205, 209 97 {ses ~o elasticity of rock
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