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Contraceptive Research and Development Looking to the Future (1996) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 505-519

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From page 505...
... Index
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From page 507...
... See also Chancroid; Agency for International Development Chlamydia; Gonorrhea; Syphilis (USAID) , 19, 114, 212, 235n, 238, Barrier methods, 13, 98, 105-106, 179, 278-279, 288, 290 344, 496 American Caduceus Industries, 237 chemical, 105, 115-117, 431 mechanical, 105-106, 114-115, 431 507
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From page 508...
... , Diaphragms; Microbicides; 114, 238, 278, 288 Spermicides Cervical cancer, 78, 193, 195, 220 Basal body temperature (BBT) , 108, 267 Cervical cap, 98, 114, 189, 261, 268, 431Basic science and research, 9, 10-12, 19, 432, 496 125-130, 342-343, 345, 346 Chancroid, 78, 194, 496 on barrier methods, 10, 12, 13, 343, Chemical barrier methods, 105, 115-117, 430-444 431 on female methods, 10, 13, 344, 351- China, 65, 67, 68, 82, 112, 167, 170, 251 374 Chlamydia, 78, 79, 157, 193, 194, 195, 496 on immunocontraception, 12-13, 14, Chlorhexidine, 439, 441 343, 401-425 Cholera toxin, 458 on male methods, 10, 14, 345, 381-399 Ciba, 237 on monthly methods and menses- Clinical trials, 11, 19, 20, 299-300, 346 inducers, 10, 13, 14-15, 134-135, c-mos proteins, 143, 144, 389 139-141, 343, 344, 373 Coitus interruptus (withdrawal)
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From page 509...
... See also Hormone-releasing IUDs; Implants; Injectables; Vaginal methods D Dual use, 192-193 Dalkon Shield, 23, 182, 190, 237, 315-316 Duty of care, 305, 307 Defensins, 443 Demand, see Market demand; Unmet E needs for contraception Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate Early conceptus antigens, 14, 150-151, (Depo-Provera, DMPA) , 23, 97, 154, 345, 406, 409-412 102, 104, 112, 113, 189, 190, 203, Ectopic pregnancy, 137, 219, 224, 363, 237, 263, 497 497-498 regulatory issues, 21, 295, 297, 338- Effectiveness, see Failure and efficacy 339n Efficacy, see Failure and efficacy Detergents and surfactants, 434, 437, 439 Egg surface antigens, 151, 152, 406, 412Developing countries 413 abortion in, 65, 72, 73, 74 Eli Lilly, 239 contraceptive use in, 18, 30, 167, 168, Emergency contraception, 24, 100-101, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176, 181, 207, 109-110, 182, 261, 363 217, 223 basic research for, 134-135 discontinuation, 183-187 costs and savings, 217, 218-219 failure of methods, 184-185 IUD used in, 101, 109
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From page 510...
... , 119, 279 238, 280 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) , 128, Family planning 142, 352, 360, 384, 385, 406-407, in developing countries, 45n, 54, 68- 498 69, 213, 216 immunogens, 152, 155, 408-409 effect on population growth, 5-6, 45n inhibition, 14, 119, 129-131, 132, 133, in integrated reproductive health 144, 345, 353, 355-356, 357-358, system, 17, 45n, 344 386-388 men's involvement in, 82-83, 84-85, Follicular atresia, 13, 131, 344, 354-355 86, 87, 181 Follicular development, 133, 354, 361 Federal standards defense, see Follicular rupture, 13, 131, 344, 356, 361 Government standards defense Follistatin, 132, 353 Female condom, 25, 93n, 98, 105, 106, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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From page 511...
... , 14, 78, agonists, 128, 129, 132, 352-353 79, 193, 195, 345 antagonists, 13, 128, 132, 137, 344, Hydrogen peroxide, 444 353, 374 immunogens, 152, 155, 352, 406-408 Gonorrhea, 78, 79, 157, 193, 194, 195 I Gossypol, 116, 120, 498 Government standards defense, 20, 22, 23, Iatrogenic reproductive tract infections, 311, 312, 314-315, 346 45n, 93n Government support, 218, 227-228 Immune-stimulating complexes for contraceptive supply, 17, 18, 206, (ISCOMs) , 458-459 208, 212-213, 214-215, 343 Immunocontraception, 234-235n of research and development, 18-19, basic research, 12-13, 14, 343, 401 29-30, 39, 40-41, 237-238, 273, 425 278-279, 283, 286-290, 345-346 female methods of, 11, 12, 14, 150gp130 protein, 370-371 157 passim, 199-200, 345, 405-408 Granulosa cell layer, 357-358 male methods of, 119, 152, 155, 405Growth factors, 136, 138-139, 360, 371- 409 371 reproductive hormones as antigens, 14, Guidelines, see Regulation 152, 155-156, 345, 406
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From page 512...
... ; Viral infections Informed choice, 23-25, 326-328 J and packaging information, 24, 25-26, Japan, 65, 67, 68, 82, 112 328-329, 346-347 Johns Hopkins University, 115 Informed consent, 24, 307-308, 318, 325, 327, 340n Inhibin, 132, 267, 353 K Injectables, 97, 104, 112, 113-114, 237, "KAP (knowledge, attitudes, practice) 240, 263, 269, 270, 499 gap," 51, 68, 92n worldwide use and supply, 169, 172 173, 174, 178, 214 Inserts, 26, 328-329 L Institute for International Studies in Natural Family Planning (IISNFP)
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From page 513...
... , 117, 139, 141, 253, 365-366, 373 controversy over, 14, 118, 272 M as emergency contraceptive, 101, 109, Male methods, 31, 48, 81-83 117, 134, 135, 364 basic research, 10, 14, 345, 381-399 Milk fatty acids, 439 immunocontraception, 119, 152, 155, Minipill, see Progestin-only pill 405-409 Mistimed pregnancy, 59, 64, 65, 66-67, research and development, 10, 83, 119- 68, 69 120, 142-149, 269, 271, 342 Molecular biology, 11, 125-128 see also Condoms; Vasectomy; Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) , 245, 444, Withdrawal 445 Managed care industry, 55 Monthly methods, 13, 118, 139, 342, 344, and pharmaceutical industry, 225, 242- 372 243, 246 research, 10, 13, 14-15, 134-135, 139Marital status, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75 141, 343, 344, 373 Market capitalization, 241, 242, 252 Morning-after pill, see Emergency Market demand, 6, 48-49 contraceptive pills (ECP)
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From page 514...
... , Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, 46n, 214-215, 273 234n, 237, 239, 259, 260, 262, 264, Nonoxynol-9, 105, 115, 439 266, 269 Nonprofit organizations Outsourcing, 248-250 partnerships with pharmaceutical Ovarian cancer, 96, 102, 111, 178, 220 industry, 15, 19, 240, 266, 267-271, Oviductal transport and retention, 137 343 138, 362-363 research support, 15, 40-41, 238, 273, Ovulation inhibition, 13, 111, 131, 137, 277, 279-281, 283, 286, 287, 288, 139, 140, 344, 351-361 290, 343 Ovulation method (OM, cervical mucus Norethindrone, 113, 114, 236 method) , 99, 108, 189 Norplant, 21, 96, 102, 103, 112-113, 170, Oxytocic agents, 134 189, 202, 203, 205, 240, 269, 340n firms making and distributing, 260, 263 P litigation and controversy, 23, 103, Packaging information, 24, 25-26, 328 182, 203, 319-322 329, 346-347 Parke-Davis, 237, 239, 260, 262, 264 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
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From page 515...
... , commodity-based methods 226 Pharmaceutical industry, 242-244, 246- Pregnancy, 56, 57, 65, 70, 79, 302. See 247, 259, 264, 290-291 also Ectopic pregnancy; Maternal factors affecting research involvement, deaths; Reproductive preferences; 14-15, 16, 34-37, 46n, 236-244, Unintended pregnancy 253-272 Private sector, see Nonprofit and managed care industry, 225, 242- organizations; Pharmaceutical 243, 246 industry partnerships with nonprofit Product liability, 21-23, 237-238, 303 organizations, 15, 19, 240, 266, 304 267-271, 343 for biomaterials suppliers, 21, 311, revenues and sales, 241, 252, 265, 266 317-318 small firms, 15, 19, 239-240, 346 breast implant litigation, 317, 340n see also Biotechnology industry DES litigation, 315, 340n Pharmacy benefit management injuries to offspring, 308-309 organizations (PBMs)
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From page 516...
... Wade Supreme Court decision, 75, Reproductive hormones, as antigens, 14, 331 152, 155-156, 345, 406 Roussel Uclaf, 14, 46n, 118, 239, 253, Reproductive preferences, 50-51, 60-61, 270, 272 66-67, 68-69, 86, 192 RSA-1 protein, 153, 417-418 and actual birth control practices, 51, RU 486, see Mifepristone 68, 92n Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) , 45n, 93n S sexually transmitted, 45n, 78-81, 93n, 223-225 Safety and dangers, 196, 296-297 Reprogen, 156 of selected methods, 96-101 Research and development, 15, 16, 34-37, see also Side effects and health risks 46n, 236-244, 253-272 Salk Institute, 279 anti-implantation methods, 15, 137- Saturation mutation, 126-127, 502 139, 343, 364-368 Schering AG, 46n, 109, 237, 238, 239, barrier methods, 10, 12, 13, 114-117, 260, 263, 264, 270 343, 430-444 Schering Plough, 260, 263 costs and returns, 253-258 Schmid, 237, 260 drug delivery systems, 112-114, 134, Science, see Basic science and research; 141, 269, 422, 457-460 Research and development female methods, 10, 130-141, 342 Searle, 237, 239, 260, 263, 264, 315 government support of, 18-19, 29-30, Serine proteinase inhibitors, 442-443 39, 40-41, 237-238, 273, 278-279, Sexuality, 330 283, 286-290, 345-346 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
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From page 517...
... , 99, 108 Sperm development disruption, 14, 119- Syntex, 237, 239, 260, 263, 264 120, 142-143, 144-146, 147-148, Syphilis, 78, 79, 193, 194 345, 382-384 acrosome and tail formation, 143, 145, 390-392 T epididymal function, 14, 146, 147-148, Tamoxifen, 134, 360 345, 383, 384-385, 390, 394-396 Tcte-1 protein, 153, 418-419 genetic manipulation, 143, 145, 389- Teenagers, 188, 190 391 abortions among, 75 surface protein alteration, 145-146, pregnancy, 71, 87, 92n, 217, 219 392-394 sexually transmitted diseases, 195 Sperm-egg fusion, 13, 149, 344, 361, 397- Third-party payers, 17, 51, 54, 55, 214 398 215, 225-227, 343. See also Spermicides, 13, 98, 105, 115-116, 180, Government support 189, 205, 344, 436-445, 503 Title X, funding of contraceptive services, firms making and distributing, 260, 227, 228 261, 262, 263, 264, 265 Today sponge, 21, 240 protection against infections, 81, 181 TOPCAD, see Program for the Topical regulatory issues, 20, 346 Prevention of Conception and see also Microbicides Disease Sperm transport, 13, 344 Tort law, 304-309 sp56 protein, 153 government standards defense, 20, 22, Sponge, 115, 172n, 240, 263, 293n, 503 23, 311, 312, 314-315, 346 SP-10 protein, 153, 154, 156, 419-420, and informed consent, 324-325 422 punitive damages under, 310, 311, Squalamine, 116, 442 312, 316-317 State government, 227, 228 reform proposals, 20, 309-319, 322-324
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From page 518...
... , 100, Unmet needs for contraception, 49-50, 52- 172n, 189, 504 53 "Woman-centered agenda," 2-3, 31-33, indicators of, 4-6, 30-31, 86-88 198-200, 342 and market demand, 15-19, 166-167, in setting research priorities, 10, 19, 343-346 32-33, 342, 346 Unwanted pregnancy, 59, 64, 65, 66-67, Women 68, 69 in clinical trials, 302, 308-309, 325, Upjohn Company, 237, 239, 263, 270, 326-327, 340n 297 reproductive life span of, 31, 48, 56USAID, see Agency for International 58, 60-63, 86-87 Development see also Abortion; Female methods; Maternal deaths; Pregnancy; Reproductive tract infections; V "Woman-centered agenda" Vaccines, 208-213, 331-333, 401-402 Women's Global Network for injury compensation program, 310- Reproductive Rights (WGNRR) , 311, 331-332 199 see also Immunocontraception World Bank, 282
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From page 519...
... proteins, 146-147, (WHO/HRP) , 114, 199-200, 238, 148, 151, 152, 396-397, 398, 412 282, 364, 366 Zona receptor kinase (ZRK)
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Key Terms

  • barrier methods
  • oral contraceptives
  • emergency contraceptive
  • reproductive tract
  • sexually transmitted

  • tract infections
  • male methods
  • female methods
  • pharmaceutical industry
  • periodic abstinence

  • standards defense
  • human immunodeficiency
  • market demand
  • contraceptive pills
  • transmitted diseases

  • maternal deaths
  • product liability
  • natural family
  • health risks
  • tubal sterilization

  • informed consent
  • immunodeficiency virus
  • female condom
  • cervical cap
  • postimplantation technologies

  • regulatory issues
  • unintended pregnancy
  • reproductive preferences
  • nonprofit organizations
  • tort law


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