Biographical Memoirs Volume 69 (1996) / Chapter Skim
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HARALD ULRIK SVERDRUP
HARALD ULRIK SVERDRUP
Pages 338-375
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the nucleus of the clevelopment of the science of physical oceanography in the Uniter! States, which, before Svercirup, hac!
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his chapter XV on the oceanic currents is still the most recent publication that treats all the worIcl's oceans in one work. This remarkable text not only market!
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in various sites in western Norway en c! was taught by governesses until he was fourteen years old, when he went to school in Stavanger.
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The precise title of the subject at the university was "Physical Geography and Astronomy." He defines the content in more moclern terms as inclucling geophysics, meteorology, oceanography, and terrestrial magnetism. His ultimate research interests were fixed in 1911 when he was offerer!
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from the Carnegie Institution of Washington almost from the first clays of its establishment after his visit to Washington in 1905. Bjerknes receiver!
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the heavy responsibilities of his work as chief scientist were justified by the firsthand experience he gained in field research en c! ciata taking, but seven years away from home
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A more specific justification that Svercirup gave in support of his concentration on the Arctic was the easier insight it affords in our unclerstancling of the basic physical oceanography of currents. He argucc!
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Christian Michelsens Institute carrying on pretty much the same work on the Maud ciata. In 1931 he was the leacler of the scientific group in the Wilkins-Elisworth North Polar Submarine Expedition, where valuable information was gathered despite the failure to achieve the chief goal of the expedition, the submarine exploration of the Arctic in the Nautitus.
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possibly have foreseen the immense consequences except, perhaps, Robert Gordon Sproul, the long-time presiclent of the University of California. Sproul worker!
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of the institution from September 1936 for almost twelve years before returning to Norway to heat! the Norwegian Polar Institute.
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on to improve instruction in physical oceanography and to attract students to the field.
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Sverdrup basically formalized a curriculum that included and fully integrated physical oceanography with marine biology, marine geology, and geophysics. Many historians and scientists have commented on Sverdrup's publication with coauthors Martin Johnson and Richard Fleming of the first comprehensive text in oceanography, The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry and Gen era t Biology.~2 This was the crowning achievement of his teaching career.
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Svercirup's clearance clifficulties were all the more painful as his younger brother, Einar, a captain in the Norwegian Free Forces, had been killed by Nazi forces in action in Spitsbergen in 1942. Svercirup's student, Walter Munk, hac!
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. not a single military or naval organization trained to evaluate information on the oceans and coast lines of the world and to transform it into the type of strategical and tactical intelligence required for military opera tions.~3 Probably because of his clearance clifficulties, Svercirup clic!
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Svercirup's student, Walter Munk, was a close associate en c! valuable contributor in this research.
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shows that Acimiral Edward! Cochrane, with the urging of Roger Revelle, wrote UC President Robert Gordon Sprout offering to continue support for postwar research in oceanography at the Scripps Institution.
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over the AGU Oceanography Section. In 1946 he became president of the International Association of Physical Oceanography.
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closely with Robert Gordon Sproul, Vern Knudson, Roger Revelle, en c! many others.
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the institution to acquire three vessels from the government, with a little help from Roger Revelle, en c! convert two of them into research vessels, Crest en c!
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2. "Informal Autobiography of Harald Ulrik Sverdrup," unpublished manuscript submitted to the National Academy of Sciences c.
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Useful in many capacities. An early career in American physical oceanography.
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California marine research and the founding of modern fisheries oceanography: CalCOFI's early years, 1947-1964. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports 31 (1990)
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Uber den EinfluB de Gebirge und die Luftbewegung fangs der Erdoberflache und auf die Druckverteilung. Veroeff: Geophys.
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Uber die Reibung an der Erdoberflache und die direkte Vorausberechnung des Windes mit Hilfe der hydrodynamischen Bewegungsgleichungen. Veroeff Geophys.
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3 :93-102. Dynamic of tides on the North Siberian Shelf: results from the Maud expedition.
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Appendix. From the diary of Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, in "Birds from the north-eastern Siberian Atlantic Ocean." Norwegian North Polar Expedition with the "Maud" 1918-1925, Scientific Results, vol.
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Norwegian North Polar Expedition with the "Maud " 1918-1925, Scientific Results, vol.
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Norwegian North Polar Expedition with the "Maud " 1 91 8-1 925, Scientific Results, vol.
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6. Bezichungen Zwischen den Anderungen der Gletscher auf Spitzbergen und Kleineren Klimatischen Anderungen.
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1:155-64. Research within physical oceanography and submarine geology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography during April 1937 to April 1938.
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4~4~:261-378. Research within physical oceanography and submarine geology at
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Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. 1945 Research within physical oceanography and submarine geology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography during April 1943 to April 1944.
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33:318-36. Research within physical oceanography and submarine geology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography during April 1946 to April 1947.
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108:321-37. 1950 Physical oceanography of the North Polar Sea.
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215-57. Tidal currents off the antarctic ice barrier, Queen Maud Land.
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15:76-77. The place of physical oceanography in oceanographic research.
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