Tactical Display for Soldiers Human Factors Considerations (1997) / Chapter Skim
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5 AUDITORY FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF DISPLAYS
5 AUDITORY FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF DISPLAYS
Pages 117-129
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From page 117... ...
Still, high visual channel loadings and priority occupation of hands means that auditory displays and controls may offer real advantages. AUDITORY DISPLAYS The visual channel is the mode of choice for providing information at high rates to the dismounted infantry soldier.
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From page 118... ...
The auditory displays are currently envisioned to be either monaural with the handset or biaural1 with the integrated headset. In this chapter we discuss the characteristics of auditory displays as well as some specific guidelines for their design.
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From page 119... ...
In the operational environment of land warrior, the determination of a single masked threshold and therefore a single level for the auditory display may be difficult. The acoustic environment has a wide variety of interfering sounds that may or may not be present at any one time.
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From page 120... ...
recommendations are that no more than six immediate action warning signals and two attention signals should be used, provided distinctive temporal and spectral patterns are used, the perceived urgency of the warnings matches their priority, and warning sounds are followed by keyword speech warnings. An attention is a special warning sound that signals the priority level of the following warning.
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From page 121... ...
Synthetic speech systems allow considerable control of speech parameters such as pitch, speech rate, sex, and accent. This allows the generation of speech displays that have distinctive characteristics from speech heard over communications channels.
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From page 122... ...
The applications of three-dimensional auditory displays to the infantry environment include: indicating the location of other soldiers, threats, and targets; introducing spatial separation among communications channels; and providing an auditory beacon as a navigation aid. Modern views of spatial hearing suggest that localization judgments depend on three classes of acoustic cues: interaural time differences, interaural level differences, and direction-specific frequency shaping of the high-frequency spec
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exact value in terms compatible with response. Qualitative POOR-TO-FAIR POOR GOOD indication Difficult to judge Difficult to Information approximate value judge concerning and direction of approximate displacement, deviation from null deviation from direction, and setting unless desired value.
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From page 124... ...
The disadvantage is acoustic transmission of the auditory signal to the environment; this would be a significant disadvantage during covert operations. The arrangement would also cause problems for three-dimensional audio displays, since current systems require circumaural stereo headphones or ear insert devices.
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From page 125... ...
This would be advantageous for the desired capability called conversation mode communications, which is defined as the capability for three or more stations on the radio network to communicate simultaneously with each other. Another application would be way point navigation.
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From page 126... ...
Feedback from a failure to correctly recognize an utterance may disrupt the concurrent activities, a disruption that speech recognition was intended to eliminate. Moreover, the same conditions that limit auditory displays that is, either loud ambient noise conditions or surreptitious operations will strictly limit what and how the soldier can articulate voice commands.
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From page 127... ...
For the dismounted infantry soldier, other environmental factors are also present that will change the way he speaks and could negatively impact speech recognition performance. Things such as physical and mental fatigue, sleep deprivation, and physical exertion are all areas that have had little or no systematic study of their effects on speech recognition performance.
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From page 128... ...
Issues to be addressed when using auditory displays are masking and interference by other signals, confusability between signals, training requirements, and signal localization. The impact on unaided hearing depends on the type of auditory display chosen.
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From page 129... ...
Specific studies for the Land Warrior System need to be performed to validate the guidelines for the particular conditions of use. On the output side, speech recognition might provide a means of control and information input not presently available for the many hands-busy, eyes-busy tasks in which the dismounted infantry soldier is engaged.
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