The Global Ocean Observing System Users, Benefits, and Priorities (1997) / Chapter Skim
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4 USERS AND BENEFITS OF GOOS
4 USERS AND BENEFITS OF GOOS
Pages 37-59
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From page 37... ...
Examples of fundamentally different natures were selected for this discussion. Some examples illustrate the many different products, users, and benefits produced directly from one type of data (e.g., sea surface winds and sea surface temperature; see Figure 5~.
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From page 38... ...
38 ·E E a, ~ 8 't Q _ ce ~ ~ two o?
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From page 39... ...
Commitment to operational continuity of coverage by satellite wind sensors, such as that provided for sea surface temperature by the continuing series of polar orbiting satellites, is needed to ensure ongoing global coverage. Research will continue to ensure that remotely sensed wind speed is being properly interpreted and accurately converted from the raw observable to wind speed.
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From page 40... ...
40 em 50 ma A)
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From page 42... ...
are discussed to help demonstrate the importance of SST observations as part of GOOS. Data Users, Products, and Benefits Examples of the benefits that result from an ocean observing system that provides maps of sea surface temperature are provided in Table 2.
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From page 43... ...
of sea surface temperature every 3 hours, reported to 0.1 degree C, accurate to approximately 0.5 degree C, at 10 or 30 km spatial resolution. Further refinements to satellite sensors and methods (e.g., improved ability to deal with atmospheric effects and combination of infrared data with data from microwave sensors that can see through clouds)
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From page 46... ...
GOOS observations such as wind and sea-level data (for storm surge prediction) will be combined with seismic information (for tsunami prediction)
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From page 47... ...
coastal managers, through the use of improved hazard maps derived from modeling GOOS data, could help reduce risk exposure for coastal development · The insurance industry could create more realistic actuarial models by incorporating realistic hazard index maps financial institutions could encourage sensible coastal development by, for example, basing mortgage rates on risk exposure residents and business owners could enjoy improved quality of life and lone-term financial stability by avoiding high-risk coastal areas. ~ =, ~ , , Implementation Strategy First, existing historical knowledge (e.g., surf zone conditions, hurricane probabilities, seismic data, ice data)
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From page 48... ...
Expanding these systems would provide important navigational data and forecasts, greatly reducing transportation costs and improving safety. Data, Users, and Products Unlike some other GOOS data sets, data for improving navigational systems would be tied to specific coastal, harbor, or marine installations.
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From page 49... ...
Data, Users, and Products Although these techniques would not be truly new or unique to GOOS, the collation of data collected over relatively short time periods from around the world would provide a useful data set for improving global stock assessments. DATA USERS PRODUCTS · Standard hydrographic · Fishery scientists · Indices of data (e.g., SST, current and managers advective losses velocities)
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From page 50... ...
A thoughtfully focused LMR module will aim to collect such larval data. Long and reliable data series of larval stage abundance hopefully a product from GOOS activities-could prove invaluable to many fishery stock assessments.
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From page 51... ...
One case study is the brown tide bloom that occurs in the bays of Eastern Long Island, which has had major impacts on seagrass beds and the scallop industry on Long Island. In this case a 10-year time series of water quality observations coupled with other long time-series data sets is now revealing the factors leading to bloom initiation.
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From page 52... ...
As in the case discussing the role of GOOS data in coastal hazard predictions, they must be integrated with GOOS data to derive the desired products and maximum benefit. The initial product of time-series monitoring will normally be the establishment of scientific understanding concerning the factors associated with algal bloom initiation.
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From page 53... ...
. In addition, international relief, development, agricultural and health organizations could benefit from climate forecasts and function as partners (e.g., the International Red Cross, United Nations High Commission on Refugees, World Bank, Global Environmental Faculty, and the Food and Agriculture Organizations)
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From page 54... ...
, innocuous to humans, to breeding sites target use of chemical larvicides and pesticides By enabling government officials to take the timely efforts listed above, GOOS will result in a number of ultimate benefits, including: improved health warnings that allow time for mitigation of negative effects improved public health and decreased mortality enhanced quality of life decreased costs for relief efforts enhanced productivity due to reduced incidences of illness COST-BENEFIT STUDIES Implementation of GOOS will be expensive. As discussed earlier in this chapter, its aim is to provide products that benefit society.
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From page 55... ...
These models are developed through research involving detailed and long-term in situ measurements of climate variables (e.g., sea surface temperature, sea surface winds, subsurface temperature and currents, sealevel measurement) and through modeling.
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From page 56... ...
Domoic acid originating from Nitschia pungens ~ mutiseries was responsible for at least 145 cases of short-term amnesia, and some permanent amnesia, and three deaths. Prior to this event, warm Gulf Stream rings were found close to shore (resulting in elevated sea surface temperatures)
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From page 57... ...
For example, the Kite-Powell, et al. study suggests that the value of improved coastal forecasts to the commercial fishing fleet (just one subset of possible beneficiaries)
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From page 58... ...
stay in port no catch, some damage -$20m __ ~ ~ go to sea vessels lost at sea -$1 OOm 20% "no storm" If_ stay in port no catch, some damage -$20m ~ go to sea vessels lost at sea -$1 OOm 40% stay in port no catch, no damage -$1 em "storm" := go to see catch landed +$10m 80% ~ stay in port no catch, no damage -$10m "no storm" ~ IMPROVED FORECAST CASE ~ go to sea catch landed +$10m Expected value of payoff = $6.12 million Payoff Weather Forecast Decision Result (in millions of dollars) stay in port no catch, some damage -$20m Ustorm storm 5% 3 % - go to sea vessels lost at sea Uno storm" "storm" -$1 OOm 5~ stay in port no catch, some damage -$20m - go to sea vessels lost at sea 50% -$1 OOm stay in port no catch, no damage -$10m ~~ go to see catch landed +$10m no storm 4 0 % 95% ~ 95% ~ stay in port no catch, no damage -$10m uric storm" ~ 100% goto see catch landed +$1 Om Expected value of payoff = $7.72 million FIGURE 6 - Logic diagram for two scenarios used in cost-benefit analysis of improved coastal weather forecasts and their value to the fishing industry by Kite-Powell et al.
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From page 59... ...
USERS AND BENEFITS OF COOS 59 investment of about $4 million a year. It thus seems likely that a coastal forecast system could represent a worthwhile GOOS-related effort.
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