Biographical Memoirs Volume 47 (1975) / Chapter Skim
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4 Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff
4 Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff
Pages 82-141
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7::~ ~ ll *
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Vladimir Haensel for suggesting that he write this biography and for his helpful advice and comments throughout.
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, the supposedly well-equipped chemical laboratory at the Academy was less useful than it could have been: it had equipment for classes in qualitative and quantitative analysis, but not in organic chemistry. ~ Graduates of an institution such as the Mikhail Artillery School were given commissions and assigned to (or, if their grades were high, permitted to choose)
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Fellow students found Ipatieff's notes quite useful and persuaded him to prepare manuals of qualitative and quantitative analysis; these were subsequently published in 1891 by the Academy. ~ 1 1 1 ~ Much of Ipatieff's time at the Academy was spent studying the properties and analysis Off steel working with the In ~ · ..
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His first practical work in organic chemistry was carried out in Favorsky's laboratory, where he started to study the isomerization of allene hydrocarbons to disubstituted acetylenes, as proposed in Favorsky's master's thesis. He spent much time learning how to prepare dimethylpropylcarbinol by the reaction of dimethylzinc with the butyryl chloride.
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Moses Gomberg of the United States, who would later discover stable free radicals. They remained lifelong friends.
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As the first chemistry teacher to hold the rank of professor at the Artillery Academy, Ipatieff redesigned and refurnished the laboratories and wrote textbooks on inorganic (seven revised editions) and organic chemistry (six revised editions)
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Because the chief function of the Academy was to train officers, Ipatieff found it difficult to find assistants for research. Nevertheless, he was able to discover new catalytic reactions,
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In 1906 the Russian Academy of Sciences awarded Ipatieff the 4000-ruble Ivanov Prize in recognition of his scientific work. This increased his prestige and resulted in his being permitted to submit a dissertation, "Catalytic Reactions Under High Pressures and Temperatures," to the University of St.
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In 1916 he was named chairman of the Chemical Committee of the Chief Artillery Administration, formed largely because of the German's use of poison gas. The Committee had five branches: poison gases, gas masks, explosives, incendiaries and flame throwers, and acids.
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He was appointed chairman of both the Chemical Committee of the Chief Artillery Administration and the Technical Section of the War Council, positions from which he was relieved in June 1918 when he pointed out that he would be more useful if his scientific ability were used. He served as chairman of the Chemical Administration of the Supreme Council of National Economy (S.C.N.E.)
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His chief areas of study were destructive hydrogenation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons into mononuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and conversion of carbonic acid into formic acid. However, much of his time was spent making trips to Germany, England, France, and other European countries to negotiate for chemical supplies for his laboratory in Russia.
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Ipatieff's interest in scientific chemistry remained high, and in 1926 he resumed annual publication of a large number of papers. In January 1927 he signed a contract, with Soviet approval, to establish research on high pressure and catalysis in the Bayerische Stickstoff Werke in Berlin, agreeing to devote three periods of one and one-half months each in Germany.
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The research included the precipitation of metals and oxides from aqueous solutions by hydrogen and the oxidation of phosphorus by water under pressure. As consultant to Bayerische Stickstoff Werke, he developed the latter reaction into an industrial process for the manufacture of phosphoric acid for use in the manufacture of fertilizers.
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In May 1931 Ipatieff and his wife returned to the United States, where he was permitted to remain as lecturer on catalysis in organic chemistry at Northwestern University, a position offered to him by Professor Ward V Evans.
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Other reactions discovered and applied industrially included the catalytic alkylation of olefins by isoparaffins, previously believed to be the most inert of all organic substances, and the isomerization of saturated hydrocarbons, for example, of nbutane to isobutane. Processes based on these reactions produced high-octane aviation gasoline and played an important role in the winning of World War II.
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A most important example of such a problem was the isomerization of e-butane, studied by Herman Pines despite the fact that the higher boiling e-butane could be sold as a component of gasoline (at least in cold weather) and was more valuable than isobutane; it was not then fully appreciated that only isobutane undergoes catalytic alkylation to yield high-octane gasoline and would be used in an important commercial process.
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While in the United States, the Professor was repeatedly visited by Troyanovsky, Soviet ambassador to the United States and a former chemistry pupil, who tried to persuade him to return to Russia. He was asked to come back to help solve the many problems of the Russian industry.
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The Professor took the expulsions quite philosophically; he was convinced that the Soviet government could not deprive him of honors given by the Tsarist regime for scientific work and not for political beliefs. Furthermore, he became a United States citizen on March 11, 1937; his wife became one a month later.
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to be awarded triennially by the American Chemical Society for outstanding chemical experimental work performed in the field of catalysis and high pressures by a chemist not yet 40 years old. When asked why he limited the prize to chemists under 40, he replied that honors were for old men; young men needed money.
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Dr. Vladimir Haensel, who accompanied him, remembers the event: "I would not say he was apprehensive, but, for reassurance, after he got into his seat and put on the belt, he crossed himself and from there on really enjoyed the trip.
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VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH {PATIEFF 103 520 pages a detailed description of the Professor's schooldays, his scientific life, and his relations with the Russian governments, ending with his emigration to the United States in 1930. His shorter memoir, My Life in the United States (two hundred pages)
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Vladimir, 4th Class Ivanov Prize, Russian Academy of Sciences Order of St. Vladimir, ad Class Moshnin Prize, University of Moscow Order of St.
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VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 105 HONORARY MEMBERSHIPS 1916 Russian Academy of Sciences 1922 Goettingen Academy of Sciences 1930 German Chemical Society 1938 Russian Institute of Science, Belgrade, Yugoslavia 1939 National Academy of Sciences, USA 1939 Glacier de l'Academie de la France
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Org. Chem.—journal of Organic Chemistry {.
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Allene Hydrocarbons, the Reaction of Nitrosyl Chloride on Organic Compounds with a Double Bond and Nitrosates.
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Course in Inorganic Chemistry, 1902-1913 (8 editions)
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France, 34~3~: 1105. Catalytic reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures.
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Chem., 77:513. Catalytic Reactions at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures.
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Soc., 44:1695. Catalytic reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures.
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Chem., 87:479. 1913 Catalytic reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures.
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Polymerization phenomena under the combined action of alumina and iron at elevated temperatures and pressures.
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Condensation of lactic acid to methyl succinic acid under the influence of the combined action of catalysts at high pressure and temperature.
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Pyrolytic dissociation of some aromatic compounds under hydrogen pressure and the combined action of catalysts.
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Condensation of c`-hydroxy and keto acids under the combined action of catalysts under elevated hydrogen pressure.
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Pyrolytic decomposition of aromatic compounds under hydrogen pressure and in the presence of mixed catalysts.
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Cracking of a primary tar from donetz coal under elevated hydrogen pressure.
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Oxidation of phosphorus with water at elevated pressures and temperatures. Zeitschrift fuer anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 215: 388.
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Alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols in the presence of phosphoric acid.
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The cleavage of side chains in aromatic hydrocarbons in the form of paraffins by means of aluminum chloride.
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Destructive hydrogenation of alkylated monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Reaction of benzene with methylcyclobutene and methylenecyclobutane in the presence of sulfuric acid.
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Reaction of benzene with butadiene in the presence of sulfuric acid and hydrogen fluoride catalyst.
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Reaction of methylcyclopentane with olefins in the presence of sulfuric acid and hydrogen fluoride catalysts.
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Ethylation of benzene in the presence of solid phosphoric acid.
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I Reaction of p-cymene with olefinic hydrocarbons in the presence of sulfuric acid and hydrogen fluoride catalysts.
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Aristoff. Isomerization of saturated hydrocarbons.
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XIV. Skeletal Isomerization and hydrogen transfer of cyclic olefins in the presence of aluminum-hydrogen chloride and silica-alumina catalysts.
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Isomerization of saturated hydrocarbons.
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Migration of double bonds in olefinic and diolefinic hydrocarbons catalyzed by sodium. Dehydrogenation of d-limonene to p-cymene.
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2,018,066 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,020,649 Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
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1939 2,145,657 With Vasili Komarewsky. Process for the Hydrogenation of Hydrocarbon Oils.
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Manufacture of Motor Fuels. 2,211,207 With Louis Schmerling.
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Isomerization of Paraffin Hydro carbons. 2,355,219 With Vladimir Haensel.
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Alkylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons. With Louis Schmerling.
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2,406,639 With Louis Schmerling. Catalytic Reactions.
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2,422,671 With Vladimir Haensel. Process for Lowering the Molecular Weight of Non-Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
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Process for Purifying Saturated Hydrocarbons Involving Selective Demethylation. 2,442,878 With Louis Schmerling.
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Conversion of Aromatic Amines to Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 2,578,207 With Herman Pines.
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